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What was one of the main causes of the widening gap between the poor and the rich?
What was one of the main causes of the widening gap between the poor and the rich?
Which event frequently contributed to the occurrence of a subsistence crisis?
Which event frequently contributed to the occurrence of a subsistence crisis?
During the Old Regime in France, who primarily participated in revolts against increasing taxes and food scarcity?
During the Old Regime in France, who primarily participated in revolts against increasing taxes and food scarcity?
What term is used to describe an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered?
What term is used to describe an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered?
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Who were the groups that sought to bring about a change in social and economic order during the Old Regime?
Who were the groups that sought to bring about a change in social and economic order during the Old Regime?
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What was the minimum age for men to gain the status of active citizens entitled to vote?
What was the minimum age for men to gain the status of active citizens entitled to vote?
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What was a direct effect of bad harvests during a subsistence crisis?
What was a direct effect of bad harvests during a subsistence crisis?
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What often triggered disease epidemics that further contributed to a subsistence crisis?
What often triggered disease epidemics that further contributed to a subsistence crisis?
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What was one requirement for men to be classified as active citizens?
What was one requirement for men to be classified as active citizens?
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What social change did the growing middle class envision during the Old Regime?
What social change did the growing middle class envision during the Old Regime?
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Which group was classified as passive citizens?
Which group was classified as passive citizens?
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According to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is one of the inalienable rights listed?
According to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, what is one of the inalienable rights listed?
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Who held the source of all sovereignty according to the Declaration?
Who held the source of all sovereignty according to the Declaration?
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What does liberty consist of, as stated in the Declaration?
What does liberty consist of, as stated in the Declaration?
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Membership in the Assembly required what financial standing?
Membership in the Assembly required what financial standing?
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What was the primary aim of every political association, as per the Declaration?
What was the primary aim of every political association, as per the Declaration?
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What was a primary barrier to education for most women during this time?
What was a primary barrier to education for most women during this time?
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Which societal class had daughters that could study at a convent?
Which societal class had daughters that could study at a convent?
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What was one of the main demands of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women?
What was one of the main demands of the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women?
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How did women contribute to their families despite lower wages?
How did women contribute to their families despite lower wages?
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What reaction did women have towards the Constitution of 1791?
What reaction did women have towards the Constitution of 1791?
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Which of the following best describes the response of the revolutionary government toward women's rights?
Which of the following best describes the response of the revolutionary government toward women's rights?
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Which activity did women engage in to voice their interests?
Which activity did women engage in to voice their interests?
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What does the presence of women's clubs signify according to the content?
What does the presence of women's clubs signify according to the content?
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What significant change was made regarding marriage in this context?
What significant change was made regarding marriage in this context?
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Which of the following rights was explicitly granted to women as mentioned?
Which of the following rights was explicitly granted to women as mentioned?
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What was one consequence of the Reign of Terror for women's political activities?
What was one consequence of the Reign of Terror for women's political activities?
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What was Olympe de Gouges' contribution to the women's rights movement?
What was Olympe de Gouges' contribution to the women's rights movement?
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What issue did women continue to fight for even after gaining some rights?
What issue did women continue to fight for even after gaining some rights?
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What action did Olympe de Gouges take in response to the exclusion of women from rights?
What action did Olympe de Gouges take in response to the exclusion of women from rights?
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What was the outcome for Olympe de Gouges as a result of her activism?
What was the outcome for Olympe de Gouges as a result of her activism?
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In what year did women in France finally win the right to vote?
In what year did women in France finally win the right to vote?
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What was one factor that contributed to the economic prosperity of port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes?
What was one factor that contributed to the economic prosperity of port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes?
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Which legislative body debated the expansion of rights to all French subjects, including those in the colonies?
Which legislative body debated the expansion of rights to all French subjects, including those in the colonies?
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What year did the Convention legislate to free all slaves in France's overseas possessions?
What year did the Convention legislate to free all slaves in France's overseas possessions?
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What happened to the status of slavery ten years after it was legislated to be abolished in 1794?
What happened to the status of slavery ten years after it was legislated to be abolished in 1794?
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How did plantation owners view their freedom during the discussions on rights?
How did plantation owners view their freedom during the discussions on rights?
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In what year was slavery finally abolished in French colonies?
In what year was slavery finally abolished in French colonies?
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What did the tricolor banner symbolize in the print of emancipation from 1794?
What did the tricolor banner symbolize in the print of emancipation from 1794?
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Which term is considered derogatory and was used to refer to the indigenous people of Africa?
Which term is considered derogatory and was used to refer to the indigenous people of Africa?
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Study Notes
Subsistence Crisis
- Wages did not keep pace with rising prices, widening the gap between rich and poor.
- Frequent droughts and hail damaged harvests, leading to food shortages.
- Subsistence crises were common during the Old Regime in France.
Subsistence Crisis Occurrences
- Poor harvests and disease epidemics contribute to a cycle of rising food prices, scarcity of grain, and increased deaths.
- Weakened bodies unable to work lead to further hardship and a worsening subsistence crisis.
The Growing Middle Class
- Peasants and workers previously participated in revolts, but lacked the means to enact substantial change.
- The prosperous third estate, with access to education and new ideas, sought to change the social and economic order.
- Active citizenship was granted to men over 25 who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a laborer's wage.
- Only the highest tax bracket could become electors and members of the Assembly.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- Established fundamental rights, including life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, and equality before the law.
- Proclaimed sovereignty resides in the nation, with no individual or group wielding unauthorized authority.
- Liberty defined as the power to act without harm to others.
Women Before and During the Revolution
- Most women lacked access to education or job training.
- Only women of noble or wealthy third estate families could study at convents.
- Society dictated women's roles as homemakers, responsible for cooking, fetching water, queuing for bread, and childcare.
- Women earned lower wages than men.
Women’s Political Action
- To voice their interests, women formed political clubs and newspapers.
- The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women was a prominent example.
- Their primary demand was equal political rights, including the right to vote, be elected, and hold political office.
The 1791 Constitution
- Reduced women to passive citizens, failing to address their demands for equal political representation.
Revolutionary Government Initiatives
- Introduced compulsory education for girls, ending forced marriages.
- Instituted civil marriage contracts and legalized divorce for both sexes.
- Enabled women to pursue job training, artistic careers, or run small businesses.
The Reign of Terror and Women’s Movements
- The new government shut down women's clubs and banned their political activities.
- Many prominent women were arrested, and some executed.
- The fight for equal rights, including voting and fair wages, continued internationally for centuries.
- The French women’s movement of the revolutionary era continued to be a source of inspiration.
- Women in France finally gained the right to vote in 1946.
Olympe de Gouges
- One of the most prominent women involved in revolutionary politics.
- Protested the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen for excluding women from basic rights.
- Pioneered the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen in 1791, addressed to the Queen and National Assembly.
- Criticized the Jacobin government for shutting down women's clubs.
- Tried for treason by the National Convention and executed in 1793.
The Struggle against Slavery
- The thriving slave trade fueled demand for sugar, coffee, and indigo in European markets.
- Cities like Bordeaux and Nantes prospered from the slave trade during the 18th century.
- Little criticism of slavery existed in France during this time.
- The National Assembly debated extending rights to all French subjects, including those in colonies, but did not pass legislation fearing opposition from the slave-trade reliant business community.
- In 1794, the Convention finally passed legislation freeing all slaves in French overseas possessions.
- Napoleon reintroduced slavery ten years later, prioritizing the economic interests of plantation owners who viewed their freedom as including the right to enslave Africans.
- Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.
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Description
Explore the economic struggles during the Old Regime in France, characterized by subsistence crises and the challenges faced by the poor. Understand the rise of a prosperous middle class and the limitations on active citizenship in this transformative period. This quiz delves into the factors contributing to social and economic upheaval.
