Subsea Wellhead Systems and Assessments
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the wedge in the MS-1 seal assembly?

  • To act as a backup seal in case of primary seal failure.
  • To provide a soft, flexible seal against the wellhead.
  • To prevent corrosion on the metal seal.
  • To create annular indents by digging into the soft U-ring. (correct)

What is added to the MS-1 seal assembly in the event of severe damage preventing seal testing?

  • A second soft U-ring.
  • A metallic encapsulated elastomeric element. (correct)
  • An additional wedge for better lock down.
  • A corrosion-resistant stainless steel barrier.

Approximately how much weight, in tons, can the red insert ring inside the high pressure housing suspend?

  • 3,500 tons (correct)
  • 7 million tons
  • 15,000 tons
  • 7,000 tons

What is the purpose of specifying materials used in subsea wellhead systems in compliance with API 17D Seventeenth Edition?

<p>To ensure materials are appropriate for various types of service. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) expressed in mole fraction instead of a percentage in service conditions?

<p>Because it is a very small molecule and the amounts are usually small. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern regarding the use of steel in high-pressure gas environments containing H2S?

<p>The steel can crack due to the gas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gate valves in a subsea wellhead system, according to the information?

<p>They are specifically cited as a very important control component. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary causes of metal fatigue in components?

<p>Insufficient manufacturing control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of failure occurs due to the incorrect heat treatment of materials?

<p>Hydrogen embrittlement failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does vortex shedding primarily cause in submerged objects?

<p>Vibrations and potential damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of external corrosion on export lines?

<p>Localized corrosion from sand in water flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical phenomenon contributes to metal fatigue during operation?

<p>Expansion and contraction from temperature changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum stress under which a material can maintain a perfectly uniform rate of strain to stress?

<p>Proportional limit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the elastic limit signify in materials testing?

<p>Greatest stress without permanent deformation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is ductility assessed in a tension test?

<p>Through percent elongation until fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the stress-strain curve at the point of ultimate tensile strength in brittle materials?

<p>Ultimate strength coincides with breaking strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between proportional limit and elastic limit for many metals?

<p>They are equal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately defines Young's modulus?

<p>Slope of the elastic deformation curve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In materials testing, what is necking indicative of?

<p>Onset of non-uniform plastic deformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of material typically shows a perfectly straight stress-strain curve?

<p>Brittle materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does total strain in materials consist of?

<p>Elastic strain and plastic strain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of corrosion on unprotected carbon steel?

<p>Reduction in steel strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compounds can contribute to internal corrosion in piping?

<p>Water and H2S/CO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to pipes when they encounter a flow reducer?

<p>They may experience erosion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential result of significant internal corrosion?

<p>Life threatening leaks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can corrosion rates be accelerated in the splash zone?

<p>The wet and dry cycles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to combat corrosion in submerged environments?

<p>Application of zinc coatings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the event of severe damage, what might be required to restore a well?

<p>Drilling rig for complete workover (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of repair might be performed with a smaller vessel and ROV?

<p>Change worn parts in production choke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered the least comprehensive for addressing corrosion?

<p>Changing worn parts with ROV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor is NOT mentioned as affecting corrosion?

<p>Wind speed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Vanadium play in materials used in the oil industry?

<p>It provides strength for high pressure containment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is NOT mentioned as a certifying authority in the oil industry?

<p>National Institute for Occupational Safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main danger of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)?

<p>It is deadly and can cause instant death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of exposure to hydrogen sulfide at low concentrations?

<p>Irritated eyes and a sore throat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of steel is typically used for shallow well casings?

<p>Low alloy steel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concentration of H2S can lead to severe illness with 8 hours of exposure?

<p>10 parts per million. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What features do well casings need to resist in deeper sections?

<p>Erosion from mineral particulates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dangerous characteristic of hydrogen sulfide in relation to its density?

<p>It is heavier than air, so it accumulates in depressions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which materials are commonly adequate for primary control valves in Xmas Trees?

<p>Carbon based alloy steel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of elements is indicated as providing greater resistance in deeper well sections?

<p>Chrome and Molybdenum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

MS-1 Seal

A type of seal used in wellheads, consisting of a soft U-ring and a wedge that create a lock-down mechanism.

SG-Metallic Encapsulated Elastomeric Element

A special seal element added to the MS-1 seal assembly in case of severe damage, enabling sealing on a fresh area.

High Pressure Housing

A combination of materials, including steel, that forms the high pressure housing in a subsea wellhead system.

Service Conditions

The conditions under which a wellhead operates, including pressure, temperature, and fluid composition.

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Gate Valve

A type of valve used in subsea wellhead systems to control the flow of fluids.

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Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

A type of gas, commonly found in oil and gas wells, that can cause cracking in steel.

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Corrosion Resistant Barrier

Specialized steels with high resistance to corrosion, often used in wellhead systems to handle corrosive environments.

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Proportional Limit

The maximum stress a material can withstand before it starts to deform permanently. This is the point where the stress-strain curve deviates from a straight line.

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Ultimate Tensile Strength

The highest stress a material can withstand before it breaks.

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Yield Strength

The stress at which a material starts to deform plastically. It is the point where the material will not return to its original shape after the stress is removed.

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Ductility

The ability of a material to deform plastically without breaking. A material that stretches a lot before breaking is considered ductile.

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Percent Elongation

The amount of elongation a material experiences before it breaks.

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Strain

Measures how much a material stretches or deforms under stress. It is calculated as the change in length divided by the original length.

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Elasticity

The ability of a material to deform elastically and return to its original shape after the stress is removed.

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Elastic Region

The region of the stress-strain curve where the material behaves elastically. The slope of this region represents the Young's Modulus.

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Plastic Region

The region of the stress-strain curve where the material behaves plastically. The material will not return to its original shape after the stress is removed.

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Metal Fatigue

A type of metal failure caused by repeated stress cycles, leading to cracks and eventual breakage.

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Vortex Shedding

A phenomenon where a low-pressure area behind an object in a fluid flow creates turbulence and vibrations that can damage the object.

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Brittle Fracture

Occurs when high-strength, low-ductility steel experiences a sudden crack and failure, often caused by flaws or impurities.

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Corrosion

Deterioration of a metal surface due to chemical reactions with its environment, often caused by water and oxygen.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement

A type of failure caused by the presence of hydrogen atoms trapped in the metal, weakening its structure and causing it to break under stress.

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Vanadium in Oil Industry

Vanadium is a metal that is added to steel to increase its strength and resistance to pressure. It is used in the oil industry to make casings stronger and more reliable.

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Oil Industry Standards

Oil industry standards like API, ASME, and NACE are international organizations that set guidelines for safety and performance, particularly for high-pressure environments.

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Certifying Authorities in Oil Industry

Certifying authorities like Lloyd's Register and Det Norske Veritas verify that oil industry equipment meets the required standards and is safe for use.

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Steel Alloys in Oil Well Casings

Low alloy steels are used in oil well casings in shallower sections, while higher alloy steels with chrome and molybdenum are used in deeper sections to resist pressure and collapse.

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Oil Production Tubing Materials

Production tubing in wells needs to withstand erosion from flowing fluids and mineral particles like sand, so carbon-based alloy steel is commonly used.

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Hydrogen Sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas, is found in many environments such as active volcanoes, especially in ground depressions.

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Hydrogen Sulfide's Properties

Hydrogen sulfide is heavier than air, so it sinks and accumulates in low-lying areas, posing a risk to people and animals.

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Hydrogen Sulfide Effects

The effects of hydrogen sulfide vary depending on the concentration and exposure time. Mild exposure causes irritation, while high concentrations can lead to sickness and even death.

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Christmas Trees in Oil Wells

Primary control valves, part of “Christmas Trees” in oil wells, are critical for regulating and controlling the flow of oil and gas.

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Hydrogen Sulfide Detection

Hydrogen sulfide can be detected by its rotten egg smell, but your sense of smell quickly becomes desensitized, making it potentially dangerous.

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Erosion

A type of corrosion caused by the movement of particles within a fluid, leading to wear and tear on the internal surfaces of pipes and other equipment.

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Splash Zone Corrosion

A type of corrosion that happens when the wet and dry cycles in the splash zone promote accelerated deterioration of materials, primarily affecting structures near the sea level.

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Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs)

Materials with high resistance to corrosion, often used in oil and gas industry to handle harsh environments and protect facilities.

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Acidic Compounds

Acidic compounds that can form when liquids (e.g., water) and gases (e.g., H2S, CO2) combine, leading to corrosion of steel pipelines.

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Galvanic Coating

A protective layer applied to steel surfaces to prevent corrosion and extend the lifespan of equipment.

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Galvanic Corrosion

A type of corrosion that happens when two dissimilar metals are in contact in an electrolyte (like seawater), resulting in the accelerated degradation of one of the metals.

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Well Workover

A repair operation performed on a well to address issues like corrosion, erosion, or equipment failure, requiring specialised equipment and personnel.

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Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)

A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) used in subsea operations to perform tasks like inspection, maintenance, and repair, especially in challenging underwater environments.

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Surrounding Area of the Xmas Tree and Manifold

The area around the Christmas tree (Xmas tree) and manifolds that often accumulate debris and may require cleaning or removal during well workovers.

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Study Notes

Subsea Technology Notes

  • OPITO (Offshore Petroleum Industry Training Organisation)
  • Open Learning course on Material Technologies, Subsea Systems & Flow Assurance
  • Part of the Subsea Technology Series

Contents

  • Section 1: Basics of Engineering Materials & Properties (steel, alloys)
  • Section 2: Introduction to Materials for Subsea Equipment
  • Section 3: Applications of Materials (pressure containing components)
  • Section 4: Failure Mechanisms (corrosion, erosion, metal fatigue)
  • Section 5: Cathodic Protection & Hydrogen Sulphide
  • Section 6: Coatings & Surface Protection (paints, plating)
  • Section 7: Basics of Metal Fatigue
  • Section 8: The Erosion Process
  • Section 9: The Main Subsea Assemblies (Xmas trees, manifolds)
  • Section 10: Manifold Design & Installation
  • Section 11: Manifold Facilities & Flow Management
  • Section 12: Control Systems
  • Section 13: Pipeline End Manifold
  • Section 14: High Integrity Pipeline Protection System (HIPPS)
  • Section 15: Pipeline End Termination (PLET)
  • Section 16: Corrosion, Erosion & Radio Activity (Strontium 90)
  • Section 17: Subsea Separation
  • Section 18: Hydrates Formation & Control
  • Section 19: Well Intervention Vessels

Training Targets

  • Understanding of materials in general engineering and the oil industry, specifically grades of steel, plastic, and composite used in subsea equipment.
  • Familiarity with materials and processes to prevent corrosion.
  • Knowledge of components for field development and flow assurance.
  • Understanding installation, hook-up, and operational control of the subsea system, including flow dynamics.
  • Awareness of export line inspection systems and safety shutdowns.

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Related Documents

Material Technologies, Subsea Systems & Flow Assurance PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on subsea wellhead systems, focusing on the functions and materials used, as well as mechanical concerns in high-pressure environments. This quiz covers critical aspects including seal assemblies, valve purposes, and common failure modes. Ideal for professionals and students in the field of subsea engineering.

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