Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
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Questions and Answers

What determines the chemical element of an atom?

  • Number of protons (correct)
  • Number of isotopes
  • Number of electrons
  • Number of neutrons

    • Electrons have positive charge.

    False

    Define isotopes.

    Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

    A nitrogen ion with a negative charge has gained _________ electrons.

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes ionic bonds?

    <p>Involves transferring electrons from one atom to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following particles with their characteristics:

    <p>Proton = Positive charge and determines the element Neutron = No charge and determines the isotope Electron = Negative charge and affects chemical bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The center of an atom, which contains protons and neutrons, is called the _________.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic mass of the most common nitrogen isotope?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is produced during fermentation?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fermentation produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas is primarily responsible for the bubbles in champagne?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into __________.

    <p>pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy currency of cellular processes?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of food molecule with its entry point into cellular respiration:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Enter glycolysis Fats = Enter after glycolysis Proteins = Enter at or after glycolysis Glucose = Initial fuel for respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are broken down into fatty acids for cellular respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cycle follows glycolysis in cellular respiration?

    <p>Citric Acid Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fats produce __________ as much ATP compared to carbohydrates.

    <p>twice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate product of cellular respiration?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when ATP loses a phosphate group?

    <p>Energy is released for cellular activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kilocalories (kcal) are equivalent to 10,000 calories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the outputs of aerobic respiration?

    <p>ATP, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of generating ATP using oxygen and glucose is called __________.

    <p>aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of cellular respiration with their descriptions:

    <p>Glycolysis = Splits glucose into pyruvic acid. Citric Acid Cycle = Breaks down pyruvic acid and releases CO₂. Electron Transport Chain = Produces the majority of ATP. Fermentation = Produces energy without oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT produced during the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>O₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fermentation occurs in the presence of oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is produced during lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary energy carrier in cells is __________.

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of cellular respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outputs of fermentation include ethanol and carbon dioxide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of NADH in cellular respiration?

    <p>To carry high-energy electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Electron Transport Chain, ATP is synthesized from __________ and phosphate.

    <p>ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to carbon atoms in glucose during cellular respiration?

    <p>They are released as carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed by the attraction between opposite charges?

    <p>Ionic Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polar covalent bonds involve equal sharing of electrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of a molecule with a nonpolar covalent bond.

    <p>Methane (CH₄)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of linking monomers to form polymers by removing water is called _______.

    <p>dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functional group with its characteristic:

    <p>Amino Group (-NH₂) = Building block of proteins Hydroxyl Group (-OH) = Increases solubility in water Phosphate Group (-PO₄) = Energy transfer in cells Carbonyl Group (C=O) = Found in sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule is NOT one of the four major classes of organic molecules?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds are strong enough to hold molecules together in liquid water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the phosphate group in biological systems?

    <p>Energy transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _____ bond involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons.

    <p>double</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following macromolecules with their primary functions:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Provide quick energy Lipids = Storage of energy Proteins = Catalyze biochemical reactions Nucleic Acids = Store genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction involves breaking down polymers into monomers?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon skeletons serve as the backbone of all organic compounds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds important for life?

    <p>It creates a wide variety of stable, complex molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ reaction is important for digestion of food and involves adding water.

    <p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of nonpolar covalent bonds?

    <p>They share electrons equally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular respiration occurs in both plant and animal cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two products of photosynthesis are glucose and __________.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose and fructose are isomers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy currency of the cell?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts capture sunlight energy and convert it into __________.

    <p>chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a product of aerobic respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is a form of stored energy in plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of cellular respiration in addition to ATP?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ of a mitochondrion is highly folded to increase surface area for energy production.

    <p>inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbohydrate types with their descriptions:

    <p>Monosaccharides = Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Disaccharides = Formed from two monosaccharides Polysaccharides = Complex carbohydrates made of many sugars Cellulose = Structural component in plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does aerobic respiration primarily require?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are independent processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atomic Structure

    • Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of subatomic particles.
    • Protons: Have a mass of 1 and a positive charge (+1). Determine the element.
    • Neutrons: Have a mass of 1 and a neutral charge (0). Determine the isotope.
    • Electrons: Have a negligible mass and a negative charge (-1). Determine the ion state and bonding properties.
    • Nucleus: Located at the atom's center, contains protons and neutrons, and determines the atomic mass.
    • Electron Cloud: Surrounding the nucleus, electrons orbit in specific electron shells. Valence electrons (outermost shell) determine bonding ability.
    • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. For example, N-15 has 8 neutrons.
    • Ions: Atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net charge. E.g., N³⁻ has 3 extra electrons.

    Chemical Bonds

    • Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together through electron transfer, gain, release, or sharing.
    • Ionic Bonds: Electrons are transferred between atoms, forming ions with opposite charges that attract. Example: NaCl (sodium chloride).
    • Covalent Bonds: Electrons are shared between atoms.
      • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons, e.g., CH₄ (methane).
      • Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons, e.g., H₂O (water). Water is polar.
    • Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attractions between polar molecules, often between a slightly negative atom (like oxygen) and a slightly positive atom (like hydrogen). Important in water.

    Carbon and Organic Molecules

    • Carbon's Bonding Ability: Carbon forms four covalent bonds, enabling it to create stable, complex, and diverse structures essential for life.
    • Carbon Skeletons: Form the backbone of organic compounds, varying in length, branching patterns, and ring structures.
    • Functional Groups: Groups of atoms attached to carbon skeletons that influence a molecule's properties and reactivity. Examples include hydroxyl (-OH), amino (-NH₂), and phosphate (-PO₄).
    • Biologically Important Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, cellulose), lipids (e.g., cholesterol), proteins (e.g., hexokinase), and nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA) are crucial for life.

    Macromolecules

    • Macromolecules: Large, complex molecules (aside from water) composed of repeating monomers.
    • Building and Breaking Macromolecules:
      • Dehydration Synthesis: Links monomers together by removing a water molecule for each bond.
      • Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule.
    • Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
      • Catabolism: Breaking down macromolecules into monomers.
      • Anabolism: Building new polymers from monomers.

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates include simple sugars (monosaccharides) and complex molecules formed from sugars.
    • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose). Glucose and fructose are isomers.
    • Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose).
    • Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin). Starch and glycogen are for energy storage. Cellulose provides structure and fiber.

    Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

    • Chloroplasts: Sites of photosynthesis in plant cells. Capture sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
    • Mitochondria: Sites of cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells. Break down glucose and oxygen to produce ATP (energy), releasing carbon dioxide and water as by-products.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Aerobic Respiration: Process that requires oxygen to break down glucose and produce ATP.
    • ATP: The primary energy currency of cells. Formed from ADP and a phosphate group.
    • Kilocalories (kcal): Units measuring the energy content of food.
    • Three Stages of Cellular Respiration:
      • Glycolysis: Splits glucose into pyruvic acid producing ATP.
      • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Breaks down pyruvic acid further, releasing CO₂ and producing ATP, NADH and FADH₂.
      • Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Electrons from NADH and FADH₂ generate ATP, forming water.

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation: Anaerobic process for energy harvesting (without oxygen).
    • Types of Fermentation:
      • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Produces lactic acid in muscles during intense exercise.
      • Alcohol Fermentation: Produces ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast.

    Cellular Respiration and Metabolism

    • Cellular respiration converts food molecules into ATP, enabling various cellular processes.
    • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from food can all be broken down to fuel cellular respiration.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of atomic structure and chemical bonds. This quiz covers essential concepts such as protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, and the nature of chemical bonding. Test your knowledge on how these components interact to form matter.

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