Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
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Questions and Answers

What determines the chemical element of an atom?

  • Number of protons (correct)
  • Number of isotopes
  • Number of electrons
  • Number of neutrons

Electrons have positive charge.

False (B)

Define isotopes.

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

A nitrogen ion with a negative charge has gained _________ electrons.

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes ionic bonds?

<p>Involves transferring electrons from one atom to another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following particles with their characteristics:

<p>Proton = Positive charge and determines the element Neutron = No charge and determines the isotope Electron = Negative charge and affects chemical bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

The center of an atom, which contains protons and neutrons, is called the _________.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic mass of the most common nitrogen isotope?

<p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is produced during fermentation?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fermentation produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gas is primarily responsible for the bubbles in champagne?

<p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into __________.

<p>pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy currency of cellular processes?

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of food molecule with its entry point into cellular respiration:

<p>Carbohydrates = Enter glycolysis Fats = Enter after glycolysis Proteins = Enter at or after glycolysis Glucose = Initial fuel for respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are broken down into fatty acids for cellular respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cycle follows glycolysis in cellular respiration?

<p>Citric Acid Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fats produce __________ as much ATP compared to carbohydrates.

<p>twice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate product of cellular respiration?

<p>ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when ATP loses a phosphate group?

<p>Energy is released for cellular activities. (A), ATP is converted back to ADP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kilocalories (kcal) are equivalent to 10,000 calories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the outputs of aerobic respiration?

<p>ATP, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of generating ATP using oxygen and glucose is called __________.

<p>aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of cellular respiration with their descriptions:

<p>Glycolysis = Splits glucose into pyruvic acid. Citric Acid Cycle = Breaks down pyruvic acid and releases CO₂. Electron Transport Chain = Produces the majority of ATP. Fermentation = Produces energy without oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT produced during the Citric Acid Cycle?

<p>O₂ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fermentation occurs in the presence of oxygen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is produced during lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary energy carrier in cells is __________.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

<p>Glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outputs of fermentation include ethanol and carbon dioxide.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of NADH in cellular respiration?

<p>To carry high-energy electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Electron Transport Chain, ATP is synthesized from __________ and phosphate.

<p>ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbon atoms in glucose during cellular respiration?

<p>They are released as carbon dioxide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed by the attraction between opposite charges?

<p>Ionic Bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polar covalent bonds involve equal sharing of electrons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a molecule with a nonpolar covalent bond.

<p>Methane (CH₄)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of linking monomers to form polymers by removing water is called _______.

<p>dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the functional group with its characteristic:

<p>Amino Group (-NH₂) = Building block of proteins Hydroxyl Group (-OH) = Increases solubility in water Phosphate Group (-PO₄) = Energy transfer in cells Carbonyl Group (C=O) = Found in sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule is NOT one of the four major classes of organic molecules?

<p>Nucleotides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen bonds are strong enough to hold molecules together in liquid water.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the phosphate group in biological systems?

<p>Energy transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

A _____ bond involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons.

<p>double</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following macromolecules with their primary functions:

<p>Carbohydrates = Provide quick energy Lipids = Storage of energy Proteins = Catalyze biochemical reactions Nucleic Acids = Store genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction involves breaking down polymers into monomers?

<p>Hydrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon skeletons serve as the backbone of all organic compounds.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds important for life?

<p>It creates a wide variety of stable, complex molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ reaction is important for digestion of food and involves adding water.

<p>hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of nonpolar covalent bonds?

<p>They share electrons equally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

<p>Photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration occurs in both plant and animal cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

<p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two products of photosynthesis are glucose and __________.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is primarily used for energy storage in animals?

<p>Glycogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose and fructose are isomers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy currency of the cell?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts capture sunlight energy and convert it into __________.

<p>chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of aerobic respiration?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellulose is a form of stored energy in plants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of cellular respiration in addition to ATP?

<p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ of a mitochondrion is highly folded to increase surface area for energy production.

<p>inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following carbohydrate types with their descriptions:

<p>Monosaccharides = Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Disaccharides = Formed from two monosaccharides Polysaccharides = Complex carbohydrates made of many sugars Cellulose = Structural component in plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does aerobic respiration primarily require?

<p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are independent processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atom

Basic unit of matter, composed of subatomic particles.

Proton

Positively charged subatomic particle, found in the atom's nucleus.

Neutron

Neutral subatomic particle, found in the atom's nucleus.

Electron

Negatively charged subatomic particle, orbiting the nucleus.

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Isotope

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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Ionic Bond

Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.

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Atomic Mass

Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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Ion

Charged atom due to loss or gain of electrons.

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Covalent Bond

A bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Electron sharing is equal between atoms.

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Polar Covalent Bond

Unequal electron sharing between atoms.

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Hydrogen Bond

Weak attraction between polar molecules.

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Chemical Bond

Force holding atoms together in molecules.

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Single Bond

Sharing of one pair of electrons.

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Double/Triple Bond

Sharing of two or three pairs of electrons.

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Carbon's Bonding Ability

Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds, creating diverse molecules.

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Carbon Skeletons

Backbones of organic molecules, with variations in length, branching, and rings.

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Functional Groups

Clusters of atoms attached to carbon skeletons influencing molecule properties.

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Dehydration Synthesis

Building polymers from monomers by removing water.

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Hydrolysis

Breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water.

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Macromolecules

Large molecules formed from smaller monomers.

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Monomers

Small repeating units forming polymers.

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Polymers

Chains of monomers forming large molecules.

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Fermentation

An anaerobic process where cells break down glucose to produce energy (ATP), but less than aerobic respiration.

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Glycolysis

The first step in both aerobic respiration and fermentation, where glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid.

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Cellular Respiration

The process where the body converts food molecules into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy source for cells.

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Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body. It involves building up and breaking down molecules.

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Where does ATP production take place?

ATP is produced primarily in the mitochondria, which are often called the 'powerhouses' of the cell.

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What are the starting materials for ATP production?

Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids from food are broken down to provide the energy for ATP production.

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What molecules carry energy from food to ATP production?

NADH and FADH2 carry high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain.

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Compare ATP production from different foods.

Fats produce the most ATP per ounce compared to carbohydrates or proteins.

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What are some uses of ATP in the body?

ATP powers various processes, including building structures, muscle growth, movement, and enzyme production.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, the building blocks of carbohydrates. Examples include glucose and fructose.

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Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis (releasing water), creating double sugars. Examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed by long chains of many monosaccharides. Examples include starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin.

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Starch

Unbranched chains of glucose molecules, found in plants as an energy storage form. It's a source of dietary energy for animals.

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Cellulose

Straight chains of glucose molecules, forming the structural component of plant cell walls. It's a source of dietary fiber.

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Glycogen

Branched chains of glucose molecules, stored in animals for short-term energy (up to 24 hours) in the liver and muscles.

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Chitin

A carbohydrate found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (like insects and crustaceans) and fungi. It's similar to cellulose but with nitrogen-containing appendages.

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What are the key roles of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates serve as dietary energy sources for animals, structural components in plants, and energy storage forms in both plants and animals.

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What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

Both are chains of glucose molecules, but starch is unbranched (straight chains) and found in plants, while glycogen is branched and found in animals. Both act as energy stores.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells (and some algae) that capture sunlight for photosynthesis. They convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugars.

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Mitochondria

Organelles found in both plant and animal cells, often called the powerhouses of the cell because they break down sugars to produce ATP (energy currency) through cellular respiration.

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Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert light energy from the sun, CO₂, and water into glucose and oxygen.

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What is the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis uses light, CO₂, and water to produce glucose and oxygen; these are the inputs for cellular respiration, which produces CO₂, water, and ATP.

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What happens when ATP loses a phosphate group?

Energy is released for cellular activities such as muscle movement, active transport, and protein synthesis.

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Kilocalorie (kcal)

A unit of energy measurement for food. 1 kcal equals 1,000 calories.

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How does calorie intake and expenditure relate to weight?

If calorie intake exceeds expenditure, weight is gained. If expenditure exceeds intake, weight is lost.

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Aerobic Respiration

The process of generating ATP using oxygen and glucose as inputs, producing ATP, CO₂, and water as outputs.

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What are the inputs and outputs of aerobic respiration?

Inputs: oxygen and glucose. Outputs: ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Where is CO₂ produced in cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide is produced in the mitochondria during cellular respiration.

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Trace a molecule of CO₂ from production to exhalation.

CO₂ is produced in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, exits the cell, enters the bloodstream, travels to the lungs, and is exhaled.

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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

The second stage of cellular respiration where pyruvic acid is further broken down, releasing carbon dioxide and producing more ATP and electron carriers.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The final stage of cellular respiration where high-energy electrons are used to make the majority of ATP.

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What happens to the carbon atoms in glucose during cellular respiration?

All of the carbon atoms from glucose are eventually released as carbon dioxide (CO₂).

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What is the key to fermentation?

Recycling NADH back to NAD⁺ to keep glycolysis going, as there is no oxygen to regenerate NAD⁺ in the mitochondria.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation occurring in human muscle cells and some bacteria where glucose is converted into lactic acid and a small amount of ATP.

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Study Notes

Atomic Structure

  • Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, composed of subatomic particles.
  • Protons: Have a mass of 1 and a positive charge (+1). Determine the element.
  • Neutrons: Have a mass of 1 and a neutral charge (0). Determine the isotope.
  • Electrons: Have a negligible mass and a negative charge (-1). Determine the ion state and bonding properties.
  • Nucleus: Located at the atom's center, contains protons and neutrons, and determines the atomic mass.
  • Electron Cloud: Surrounding the nucleus, electrons orbit in specific electron shells. Valence electrons (outermost shell) determine bonding ability.
  • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. For example, N-15 has 8 neutrons.
  • Ions: Atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net charge. E.g., N³⁻ has 3 extra electrons.

Chemical Bonds

  • Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together through electron transfer, gain, release, or sharing.
  • Ionic Bonds: Electrons are transferred between atoms, forming ions with opposite charges that attract. Example: NaCl (sodium chloride).
  • Covalent Bonds: Electrons are shared between atoms.
    • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds: Equal sharing of electrons, e.g., CH₄ (methane).
    • Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons, e.g., H₂O (water). Water is polar.
  • Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attractions between polar molecules, often between a slightly negative atom (like oxygen) and a slightly positive atom (like hydrogen). Important in water.

Carbon and Organic Molecules

  • Carbon's Bonding Ability: Carbon forms four covalent bonds, enabling it to create stable, complex, and diverse structures essential for life.
  • Carbon Skeletons: Form the backbone of organic compounds, varying in length, branching patterns, and ring structures.
  • Functional Groups: Groups of atoms attached to carbon skeletons that influence a molecule's properties and reactivity. Examples include hydroxyl (-OH), amino (-NH₂), and phosphate (-PO₄).
  • Biologically Important Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, cellulose), lipids (e.g., cholesterol), proteins (e.g., hexokinase), and nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA) are crucial for life.

Macromolecules

  • Macromolecules: Large, complex molecules (aside from water) composed of repeating monomers.
  • Building and Breaking Macromolecules:
    • Dehydration Synthesis: Links monomers together by removing a water molecule for each bond.
    • Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule.
  • Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
    • Catabolism: Breaking down macromolecules into monomers.
    • Anabolism: Building new polymers from monomers.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates include simple sugars (monosaccharides) and complex molecules formed from sugars.
  • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose). Glucose and fructose are isomers.
  • Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose).
  • Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin). Starch and glycogen are for energy storage. Cellulose provides structure and fiber.

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

  • Chloroplasts: Sites of photosynthesis in plant cells. Capture sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
  • Mitochondria: Sites of cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells. Break down glucose and oxygen to produce ATP (energy), releasing carbon dioxide and water as by-products.

Cellular Respiration

  • Aerobic Respiration: Process that requires oxygen to break down glucose and produce ATP.
  • ATP: The primary energy currency of cells. Formed from ADP and a phosphate group.
  • Kilocalories (kcal): Units measuring the energy content of food.
  • Three Stages of Cellular Respiration:
    • Glycolysis: Splits glucose into pyruvic acid producing ATP.
    • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Breaks down pyruvic acid further, releasing CO₂ and producing ATP, NADH and FADH₂.
    • Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Electrons from NADH and FADH₂ generate ATP, forming water.

Fermentation

  • Fermentation: Anaerobic process for energy harvesting (without oxygen).
  • Types of Fermentation:
    • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Produces lactic acid in muscles during intense exercise.
    • Alcohol Fermentation: Produces ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast.

Cellular Respiration and Metabolism

  • Cellular respiration converts food molecules into ATP, enabling various cellular processes.
  • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from food can all be broken down to fuel cellular respiration.

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Explore the fascinating world of atomic structure and chemical bonds. This quiz covers essential concepts such as protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, and the nature of chemical bonding. Test your knowledge on how these components interact to form matter.

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