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How does self-esteem perception differ between the US and Japan?

Self-esteem is uniformly high across all cultures.
Most individuals in the US report higher self-esteem than people in Japan. (correct)
Japanese culture promotes high self-esteem through self-criticism.
People in Japan generally report high self-esteem similar to the US.

What is a unique aspect of self-criticism in Japanese culture?

It promotes the individual without societal benefits.
It leads directly to higher self-esteem scores.
It is similar in effect to the depression experienced in North America.
It motivates self-improvement and benefits both individual and society. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the four personality systems identified in PSI Theory?

Holistic Thinking-and-Feeling System
Analytical Thinking System
Intuitive Behavior Control System
Intuitive Emotion Regulation System (correct)

What characteristic distinguishes the Analytical Thinking System?

Uses logical and methodical steps to process information. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Holistic Thinking-and-Feeling System?

Different cognitive processes are interconnected and occur outside of consciousness. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the therapeutic change discussed in the context of self-efficacy?

To change self-efficacy in relation to an event (C) Signup and view all the answers

In Beck's Cognitive Therapy, what is a significant cause of psychopathologies?

Dysfunctional assumptions and automatic thoughts (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an example of problem-focused coping?

Changing jobs due to high stress (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the therapeutic process described for social phobia?

Practicing the order in the therapist's office (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of coping mechanism focuses on improving one's internal emotional state?

Emotion-focused coping (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the outcomes of gradually increasing the difficulty of tasks for clients?

Reduction of fear and increased confidence (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cognitive therapy, what does the term 'cognitive distancing' refer to?

Separating oneself from negative thoughts (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes the systematic misinterpretation of core beliefs leading to depression?

Beck's Cognitive Triad (D) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cross-cultural research challenges the validity of the Big Five model?

Lack of language equivalence (D) Signup and view all the answers

What dimension did DeRoad and Peabody identify as recurrent across 11 languages?

Extraversion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which model is examined for its limitations due to the risk of the top-down approach?

Five-Factor Model (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested cultural alternative to the Big Five model mentioned in the content?

The Tiname Big Two (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which trait has been identified in the Hindi culture as part of the Big Three?

Disorganization (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do trait theorists primarily rely on to summarize individual differences among people?

Factor analysis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant critique of classic trait theories according to the content?

They can misrepresent psychological structures. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which personality dimension is mentioned as not aligning with the industrialized-world Big Five traits?

Restlessness (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'self-actualization' in the context of personal development?

An organism's tendency to grow from a simple entity to a complex one (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT measured by the self-actualizing motive 15-item scale?

Financial independence (C) Signup and view all the answers

What influence does low self-esteem have on the likelihood of cheating?

It increases the likelihood of cheating (D) Signup and view all the answers

The need for positive regard is particularly important during which stage of life?

Child development (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Believing you are unattractive leads to behaviors that confirm it (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations best illustrates conditions of worth?

A child feels valued only when achieving high grades (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the actual self from the ideal self?

The actual self is the self-concept we believe we currently possess, while the ideal self is the self-concept we would like to have. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Rogers emphasized the importance of which two levels of analysis for growth and development?

Parent-child interactions and internal psychological structures (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding high self-esteem individuals?

They tend to behave in ways they can respect. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is primarily involved in emotional processing during intuitive thinking about the self?

Amygdala (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of experience does a phenomenological perspective primarily investigate?

Conscious experiences (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most fundamental personality process according to the content?

Self-Actualization (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which method was used by Lieberman and colleagues to study intuitive versus non-intuitive thinking about the self?

Brain imaging techniques (D) Signup and view all the answers

In D’argembeau et al. (2010)'s study, what did participants judge about the adjectives presented to them?

If the words described their actual or future selves (C) Signup and view all the answers

What perspective did Kant offer that laid the groundwork for later psychological terms?

Phenomenological perspective (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which area is mentioned as being involved in the rapid processing of information during self-reflection?

Temporal lobe (B) Signup and view all the answers

What psychological concept posits that increasing mortality salience leads to a heightened need for cultural worldviews?

Terror Management Theory (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tasks is NOT typically used to increase mortality salience?

Describe your feelings about a loved one's death (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Higgins, what type of discrepancies lead to feelings of fear and anxiety?

Actual self vs ought self discrepancies (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did research by Higgins, Bond, Klein, and Strauman reveal about those with large discrepancies between self-concepts?

They are more likely to be depressed. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three inherent psychological needs outlined in Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory?

Autonomy, competence, relatedness (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of self-concept is concerned with hopes and ambitions?

Ideal self (A) Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is strongly associated with pursuing self-determined intrinsic goals?

Greater physical health (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cross-cultural findings was noted in regard to intrinsic motivation?

Asian-American children often prefer choices made by trusted authority figures. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of lacking unconditional positive self-regard according to Rogers?

Psychological distress (C) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does mortality salience have on group dynamics?

It increases fondness for one’s own group and rejection of others. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Physically aggressive behavior is likely to increase in response to what situation according to TMT?

Seeing blasphemous acts against cultural icons (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emotions arise from discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self?

Dejection-related emotions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a central idea of self-determination theory?

Goals pursued autonomously yield better outcomes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT an expected consequence of heightened mortality salience?

Enhanced interest in sexual relationships (B) Signup and view all the answers

Phenomenological Perspective

A theoretical framework in psychology that emphasizes the importance of subjective experience and individual perceptions.

Noumenal World

A distinction made by Kant, referring to the world independent of individual perception.

Phenomenal World

The world as it is experienced by individuals, shaped by our perceptions, memories, and beliefs.

The Self

The core component of phenomenological experience, including both the self and the world as it is perceived.