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Questions and Answers

How does self-esteem perception differ between the US and Japan?

  • Self-esteem is uniformly high across all cultures.
  • Most individuals in the US report higher self-esteem than people in Japan. (correct)
  • Japanese culture promotes high self-esteem through self-criticism.
  • People in Japan generally report high self-esteem similar to the US.
  • What is a unique aspect of self-criticism in Japanese culture?

  • It promotes the individual without societal benefits.
  • It leads directly to higher self-esteem scores.
  • It is similar in effect to the depression experienced in North America.
  • It motivates self-improvement and benefits both individual and society. (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT one of the four personality systems identified in PSI Theory?

  • Holistic Thinking-and-Feeling System
  • Analytical Thinking System
  • Intuitive Behavior Control System
  • Intuitive Emotion Regulation System (correct)
  • What characteristic distinguishes the Analytical Thinking System?

    <p>Uses logical and methodical steps to process information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the Holistic Thinking-and-Feeling System?

    <p>Different cognitive processes are interconnected and occur outside of consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the therapeutic change discussed in the context of self-efficacy?

    <p>To change self-efficacy in relation to an event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Beck's Cognitive Therapy, what is a significant cause of psychopathologies?

    <p>Dysfunctional assumptions and automatic thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an example of problem-focused coping?

    <p>Changing jobs due to high stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the therapeutic process described for social phobia?

    <p>Practicing the order in the therapist's office</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of coping mechanism focuses on improving one's internal emotional state?

    <p>Emotion-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the outcomes of gradually increasing the difficulty of tasks for clients?

    <p>Reduction of fear and increased confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cognitive therapy, what does the term 'cognitive distancing' refer to?

    <p>Separating oneself from negative thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept emphasizes the systematic misinterpretation of core beliefs leading to depression?

    <p>Beck's Cognitive Triad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of cross-cultural research challenges the validity of the Big Five model?

    <p>Lack of language equivalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dimension did DeRoad and Peabody identify as recurrent across 11 languages?

    <p>Extraversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is examined for its limitations due to the risk of the top-down approach?

    <p>Five-Factor Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suggested cultural alternative to the Big Five model mentioned in the content?

    <p>The Tiname Big Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait has been identified in the Hindi culture as part of the Big Three?

    <p>Disorganization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do trait theorists primarily rely on to summarize individual differences among people?

    <p>Factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant critique of classic trait theories according to the content?

    <p>They can misrepresent psychological structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality dimension is mentioned as not aligning with the industrialized-world Big Five traits?

    <p>Restlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'self-actualization' in the context of personal development?

    <p>An organism's tendency to grow from a simple entity to a complex one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT measured by the self-actualizing motive 15-item scale?

    <p>Financial independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence does low self-esteem have on the likelihood of cheating?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of cheating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The need for positive regard is particularly important during which stage of life?

    <p>Child development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a self-fulfilling prophecy?

    <p>Believing you are unattractive leads to behaviors that confirm it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following situations best illustrates conditions of worth?

    <p>A child feels valued only when achieving high grades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the actual self from the ideal self?

    <p>The actual self is the self-concept we believe we currently possess, while the ideal self is the self-concept we would like to have.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rogers emphasized the importance of which two levels of analysis for growth and development?

    <p>Parent-child interactions and internal psychological structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding high self-esteem individuals?

    <p>They tend to behave in ways they can respect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is primarily involved in emotional processing during intuitive thinking about the self?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of experience does a phenomenological perspective primarily investigate?

    <p>Conscious experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most fundamental personality process according to the content?

    <p>Self-Actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method was used by Lieberman and colleagues to study intuitive versus non-intuitive thinking about the self?

    <p>Brain imaging techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In D’argembeau et al. (2010)'s study, what did participants judge about the adjectives presented to them?

    <p>If the words described their actual or future selves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective did Kant offer that laid the groundwork for later psychological terms?

    <p>Phenomenological perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is mentioned as being involved in the rapid processing of information during self-reflection?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological concept posits that increasing mortality salience leads to a heightened need for cultural worldviews?

    <p>Terror Management Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tasks is NOT typically used to increase mortality salience?

    <p>Describe your feelings about a loved one's death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Higgins, what type of discrepancies lead to feelings of fear and anxiety?

    <p>Actual self vs ought self discrepancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did research by Higgins, Bond, Klein, and Strauman reveal about those with large discrepancies between self-concepts?

    <p>They are more likely to be depressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three inherent psychological needs outlined in Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory?

    <p>Autonomy, competence, relatedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of self-concept is concerned with hopes and ambitions?

    <p>Ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is strongly associated with pursuing self-determined intrinsic goals?

    <p>Greater physical health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cross-cultural findings was noted in regard to intrinsic motivation?

    <p>Asian-American children often prefer choices made by trusted authority figures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of lacking unconditional positive self-regard according to Rogers?

    <p>Psychological distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does mortality salience have on group dynamics?

    <p>It increases fondness for one’s own group and rejection of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physically aggressive behavior is likely to increase in response to what situation according to TMT?

    <p>Seeing blasphemous acts against cultural icons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emotions arise from discrepancies between the actual self and ideal self?

    <p>Dejection-related emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a central idea of self-determination theory?

    <p>Goals pursued autonomously yield better outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT an expected consequence of heightened mortality salience?

    <p>Enhanced interest in sexual relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

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