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Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?

Believing a claim because it fits with prior knowledge about the world.
Ignoring statistical information in favor of personal anecdotes.
Deciding to invest in a company based on extensive market research.
Estimating the frequency of plane crashes based on recent news coverage. (correct)
Using logical reasoning to solve a mathematical problem.

A participant is asked to rotate a mental image of a cube by 90 degrees. Which of the following is most likely true about their performance on this task?

Performance will be determined solely by propositional representations.
Reaction time will increase as the degree of rotation increases. (correct)
Reaction time will remain constant regardless of the degree of rotation.
Reaction time will decrease as the degree of rotation increases.
Reaction time will be unrelated to the degree of rotation.

According to prototype theory, which of the following statements is correct?

A category's boundaries are determined by necessary and sufficient conditions.
Categories do not rely on similarity between members.
All exemplars in a category are stored individually.
A category is represented by the average of its members. (correct)
Prototypes exist as real-world entities.

Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness?

Struggling to realize a matchbox can be used as a candle holder. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reasoning tendencies is illustrated by the conjunction fallacy?

People tend to judge a specific combination of events as more likely than a single, broader event. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In Shepard and Metzler's mental rotation experiment, what did the results demonstrate?

Mental rotation is functionally equivalent to physically rotating objects. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of deductive reasoning?

It guarantees the truth of a conclusion if the premises are true. (E) Signup and view all the answers

The Wason 4-card selection task demonstrates:

Confirmation bias. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In Kosslyn's image scanning experiments, what finding supported the analog representation hypothesis?

Reaction times increased with longer scanning distances. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the distinction between System 1 and System 2 processing?

System 1 operates automatically, while System 2 requires conscious effort. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best demonstrates base rate neglect?

Judging that a person is an engineer based solely on a description of their personality, despite knowing the population contains 70% lawyers and 30% engineers. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a study of mental imagery, participants were asked to imagine a rabbit next to a bee or next to an elephant. What was the key finding?

Participants answered questions about the rabbit faster when it was next to the bee. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, which strategy best describes how people typically solve the task?

Creating subgoals to address smaller steps in the problem. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between heuristics and cognitive biases?

Biases result from over-reliance on heuristics in decision-making. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did Smith and Blankenship (1991) find about the role of incubation in problem-solving?

Incubation allows people to suppress misleading information. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Wallas (1926), which stage of the creative process involves setting the problem aside and allowing unconscious processes to work?

Incubation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the Wason 4-card selection task, participants often fail because:

They focus too much on confirming the rule. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon of functional fixedness is best illustrated by:

A participant who cannot use a frying pan as a hammer. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987) find about insight problems?

Insight problems involve a sudden “aha” moment without gradual progress. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does Prospect Theory explain risk-seeking behavior in the face of potential losses?

People evaluate gains and losses relative to a reference point. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the analog and propositional views of mental imagery?

The analog view is supported by findings from mental rotation tasks. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of inductive reasoning?

Forming a logical conclusion based on a general rule. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The concept of "illusory covariation" explains which of the following phenomena?

Believing that sugar causes hyperactivity based on anecdotal experiences. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In Duncker's tumor problem, participants often fail to find the correct solution because they:

Fixate on surface-level features and fail to draw structural analogies. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly illustrates the framing effect?

Both A & B. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In categorization, the exemplar theory suggests that:

Categories are stored as a collection of specific instances. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following problems requires insight to solve?

Rearranging matches to form a specific geometric shape. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a phoneme?

The sound of “b” in “bat.” (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes categorical perception of phonemes?

Phonemes are perceived discretely, with abrupt boundaries between categories, even if physical changes are gradual. (E) Signup and view all the answers

In inductive reasoning, which factor most influences the strength of a conclusion?

The number and diversity of observations. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates the concept of functional fixedness?

Failing to see that a screwdriver can be used as a lever. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to dual-process theories of reasoning, System 2 is characterized by:

Logical and deliberate reasoning. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In hierarchical categorization, a subordinate category would include which of the following examples?

Canary (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of problem-solving by analogy?

Experts are better at drawing structural analogies than novices. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best demonstrates the gambler's fallacy?

Both A & B. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In language production, what is the primary function of syntax?

Organizing words into grammatically correct sentences. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the importance of phrase structure rules in sentence parsing?

Both B & C. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind. For example, estimating the frequency of plane crashes based on recent news coverage.

Mental Rotation

The process of mentally rotating an image in your mind.

Prototype Theory

A theory that suggests that categories are organized around a prototype, or the average or most typical member of the category.