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Questions and Answers

What is stroke volume primarily measured by?

The heart rate during relaxation

The volume of blood in the left atrium

The amount of blood in the ventricles after contraction (correct)

The total blood volume in the body

What does the T wave on an ECG represent?

Relaxation of the atria

Depolarization of the ventricles

Repolarization of the ventricles (correct)

Depolarization of the atrium

Which of the following conditions indicates bradycardia?

Heart rate fluctuating irregularly

Heart rate below 60 beats per minute (correct)

Heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute

Heart rate between 60 and 100 beats per minute

Which blood type has no antigens present?

Type O (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the antigens on red blood cells match the antibodies in plasma?

The immune system will attack the red blood cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of a virus?

Mitochondria (A) Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the replication of viruses within the host organism?

Immune system (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the lytic cycle, which stage follows the attachment of the virus to the host cell?

Synthesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which barrier helps prevent different species from mating successfully?

Physical barriers (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are vaccines effective against viruses?

They build an immune response without causing disease. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the lysogenic cycle of viral reproduction?

Viral DNA integrates into the host cell’s DNA. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria contribute to nitrogen fixation?

By decomposing organic matter to release nitrogen into the soil. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage occurs FIRST in the viral reproduction cycle?

Attachment (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemotophosios?

To produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about arteries is NOT correct?

They have valves to prevent backflow (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

Systolic is the pressure during ventricle depolarization, diastolic is during repolarization (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel is responsible for supplying nutrients to the digestive system?

Hepatic portal vein (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does cardiac output measure?

How much blood is pumped through the heart in one minute (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of tachycardia on heart rate?

It increases heart rate above 100 BPM (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect heart rate?

Color of blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

To facilitate diffusion of nutrients and gases (A) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when type B blood is transfused into an individual with type A blood?

The type B blood is attacked and the red blood cells are destroyed. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

O- (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the second exposure to Rh+ blood for an Rh- individual?

The individual develops antibodies against the Rh+ blood. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does water affect blood pressure?

Decreased water increases blood volume and raises blood pressure. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How are nutrients like glucose transported in the blood?

In the plasma. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can occur as a consequence of low water volume in the blood?

Slower nutrient transport and sluggishness. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do white blood cells (WBC) play in immunity?

They solely produce antibodies. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of metabolic acidosis related to blood pH?

Vomiting due to blood pH imbalance. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when the F1 generation was allowed to reproduce?

One out of every four offspring were short. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that alleles separate randomly into gametes?

Law of segregation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Principle of Independent Assortment imply?

Traits assort independently during gamete formation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's experiments, what trait was ultimately concealed in the F1 generation?

Short trait (tt) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of incomplete dominance?

Both alleles are equally expressed. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is true about dominant alleles according to Mendel's principle of dominance?

Presence of a dominant allele masks the recessive allele. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does genetic diversity arise according to the concept discussed?

Through random chromosomal arrangements in metaphase. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What observation led Gregor Mendel to propose his theories on inheritance?

The unexpected reappearance of short traits. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?

They are the site of gas exchange. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for the inhalation process?

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens during expiration when the diaphragm relaxes?

Volume in the thoracic cavity decreases. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does tidal volume refer to in the context of respiration?

The amount of air exchanged during normal quiet breathing. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT included in the vital capacity calculation?

Residual volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

To prevent alveoli from collapsing. (A) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of respiration does the pressure in the thoracic cavity decrease?

Inspiration (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of bronchioles?

Thin-walled ducts that lead to alveoli. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical significance of the pleura membrane?

It allows for lung expansion without friction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence respiratory capacity?

Color of eyes (C) Signup and view all the answers

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