Study Notes Clarification

A type of virus that infects bacteria. They use their tail fibers to attach to bacteria and inject their genetic material, which can either result in a lytic or lysogenic cycle.

The process where a virus infects a cell, takes over its machinery, and produces new viruses. The infected cell then bursts, releasing the new viruses to infect other cells.

The process where a virus infects a cell, integrates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA, and remains dormant until the cell divides. This allows for the virus to be passed on silently through cell divisions.

A protein coat surrounding a virus that helps it attach to and infect host cells.

A barrier that prevents different species from successfully interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

A type of reproductive isolation where physical differences, like size or anatomy, prevent mating.

A type of reproductive isolation where even if mating occurs, the offspring are not viable or fertile.

Different species living in separated geographic locations, preventing them from interacting and mating.

The formation of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, occurring within the bone marrow.

Thick-walled, elastic blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, facing higher pressure.

Thin-walled blood vessels that carry de-oxygenated blood towards the heart, containing valves to prevent backflow.

Microscopic blood vessels, one cell layer thick, facilitating diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste.

A network of capillaries surrounding organs, able to redirect blood flow to areas with higher demand.

The blood vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive system to the liver, ensuring nutrient balance before distribution.

The force exerted by blood against arterial walls, measured as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure.

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute, calculated by multiplying stroke volume and heart rate.

The amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat. It is measured as the difference between the end-diastolic volume (EDV) and the end-systolic volume (ESV).

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.

The process where a cell returns to its resting potential after being depolarized. For muscle cells, it allows them to relax and refill with blood.

Proteins found on the surface of red blood cells that determine a person's blood type.

The process where the body's immune system develops antibodies against a specific substance, like a virus or bacteria, to fight infection.

A type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies.

Proteins produced by WBCs that specifically target and neutralize foreign substances, like viruses and bacteria.

The main protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

The liquid component of blood that carries blood cells, nutrients, and waste products.

A protein found on the surface of red blood cells that determines a person's Rh blood type.

A dangerous condition that occurs when a person receives blood from a donor with an incompatible Rh factor, especially in pregnant women.

The process where red blood cells are destroyed, often leading to anemia and other complications.

States that alleles for each trait separate randomly during gamete formation, resulting in each gamete receiving only one allele for that trait.

States that traits are inherited independently of each other, meaning that inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another.

Explains that when an organism has two different alleles for a trait, only the dominant allele will be expressed (phenotypically).

Occurs when neither allele for a trait is dominant, resulting in an intermediate phenotype.

The parental generation in a genetic cross.

The first generation of offspring produced from a cross between the parental generation.

The second generation of offspring produced from a cross between individuals of the F1 generation.

The physical traits of an organism.

The trachea divides into two tubes that lead to the left and right lungs.

These are smaller branches of the bronchi that continue to divide within the lungs, leading to the alveoli.

These are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

The membrane that surrounds each lung, allowing them to expand and contract without friction.

The muscle that helps with breathing by contracting and flattening to increase the volume of the chest cavity.

The muscles that help with breathing by expanding the chest cavity.

The process of breathing in, where air enters the lungs.

The process of breathing out, where air leaves the lungs.

The volume of air exchanged during normal quiet breathing.

The total amount of air that can be exchanged in the lungs.