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Questions and Answers
What are the components of a typical flower?
What distinguishes bisexual flowers from unisexual flowers?
In plants, what characterizes monoecious species?
What is the defining feature of dioecious plants?
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How many cells make up an immature male gametophyte?
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What is the composition of a female gametophyte in flowering plants?
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During double fertilization in angiosperms, what is the product of one sperm fertilizing the egg?
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What is the role of the endosperm in plant growth during the early stages?
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Why is outcrossing beneficial for plants?
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How does the diversity of flowers relate to the process of pollination?
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What is the primary function of the coleoptile in monocot seedlings?
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When might selfing be beneficial for plants?
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Study Notes
Parts of a Flower
- A typical flower consists of the carpel, stamen, petal (collectively, corolla), and sepal (collectively, calyx)
- Bisexual flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs in the same flower
- Unisexual flowers have separate male and female reproductive organs in separate flowers
- Monoecious plants have both male and female flowers on the same plant
- Dioecious plants do not have male and female flowers on the same plant
Angiosperm Life Cycle
- Mitosis occurs in the male gametophyte
- Meiosis occurs in the production of spores
- Each structure is either haploid (n) or diploid (2n)
Male Gametophyte
- An immature male gametophyte consists of two cells: the tube cell and the generative cell
- The generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two sperm cells
- The male gametophyte matures when the generative cell passes into the tube cell
- A mature male gametophyte consists of three cells: 1 tube cell + 2 sperm cells
Female Gametophyte
- A female gametophyte consists of 7 cells and 8 nuclei: 3 antipodal cells, 2 synergid cells, 1 egg cell, 2 polar nuclei, and 1 central cell
- Diagram: a female gametophyte within an ovule, labeling the parts
Ovule and Seed
- An ovule develops to become the seed during fertilization
- Pollination occurs when a pollen grain reaches the ovule
- Fertilization occurs after pollination
- The products of double fertilization are a zygote (2n) and an endosperm (3n)
Flower and Fruit Development
- Ovule → Seed
- Ovary → Fruit
- The ovary wall can take many forms during development (e.g., dry vs fleshy; multiple layers; dehiscent vs indehiscent)
Seedling Development
- The plant obtains its nutrition from the endosperm during its early stages of growth
- The cotyledon soon takes over this function
- Monocot: coleoptile covers the young shoot, and the shoot grows straight up through the tube of coleoptile
- Dicot: hypocotyl hook gets pushed with growth, hook straightens in response to light, and cotyledons separate, epicotyl spreads leaves
Flower and Fruit Diversity
- The diversity of flowers may be associated with pollination due to co-evolution with pollinators
- The diversity of fruit types can be associated with plant dispersal through seed dispersal
Selfing and Outcrossing
- Outcrossing is beneficial for genetic variability
- Selfing can be beneficial in certain situations
- Plants use various methods to promote outcrossing, such as self-incompatibility
- Gametophytic self-incompatibility occurs in the gametophyte, while sporophytic self-incompatibility occurs in the sporophyte
Asexual Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction has advantages, such as increased reproduction and survival
- Plants achieve asexual reproduction through various methods, such as budding, fragmentation, and vegetative propagation
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Description
Test your knowledge on the parts of a typical flower, the differences between bisexual and unisexual flowers, as well as monoecious and dioecious plants. Explore flower anatomy and plant reproduction in this quiz.
