Study Guide III: Flower Anatomy and Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

What are the components of a typical flower?

  • Pistil, stamen, petal, and calyx
  • Pistil, anther, filament, and sepal
  • Carpel, stamen, petal, and sepal (correct)
  • Carpel, anther, petal, and calyx

    • What distinguishes bisexual flowers from unisexual flowers?

  • Unisexual flowers have male and female reproductive organs in separate flowers.
  • Bisexual flowers have both male and female reproductive organs in the same flower. (correct)
  • Unisexual flowers have both male and female reproductive organs.
  • Bisexual flowers have only male reproductive organs.

    • In plants, what characterizes monoecious species?

  • They have male and female flowers on separate plants.
  • They have male and female flowers on the same plant. (correct)
  • They do not produce flowers.
  • They lack reproductive organs.

    • What is the defining feature of dioecious plants?

    <p>Male and female flowers are on separate plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cells make up an immature male gametophyte?

    <p>Two cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of a female gametophyte in flowering plants?

    <p>7 cells and 8 nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During double fertilization in angiosperms, what is the product of one sperm fertilizing the egg?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the endosperm in plant growth during the early stages?

    <p>Provides nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is outcrossing beneficial for plants?

    <p>To adapt to a wider range of environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the diversity of flowers relate to the process of pollination?

    <p>Flowers co-evolve with pollinators, leading to varied petal morphology and scents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the coleoptile in monocot seedlings?

    <p>Protects the shoot apical meristem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might selfing be beneficial for plants?

    <p>In environments with limited pollen transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parts of a Flower

    • A typical flower consists of the carpel, stamen, petal (collectively, corolla), and sepal (collectively, calyx)
    • Bisexual flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs in the same flower
    • Unisexual flowers have separate male and female reproductive organs in separate flowers
    • Monoecious plants have both male and female flowers on the same plant
    • Dioecious plants do not have male and female flowers on the same plant

    Angiosperm Life Cycle

    • Mitosis occurs in the male gametophyte
    • Meiosis occurs in the production of spores
    • Each structure is either haploid (n) or diploid (2n)

    Male Gametophyte

    • An immature male gametophyte consists of two cells: the tube cell and the generative cell
    • The generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two sperm cells
    • The male gametophyte matures when the generative cell passes into the tube cell
    • A mature male gametophyte consists of three cells: 1 tube cell + 2 sperm cells

    Female Gametophyte

    • A female gametophyte consists of 7 cells and 8 nuclei: 3 antipodal cells, 2 synergid cells, 1 egg cell, 2 polar nuclei, and 1 central cell
    • Diagram: a female gametophyte within an ovule, labeling the parts

    Ovule and Seed

    • An ovule develops to become the seed during fertilization
    • Pollination occurs when a pollen grain reaches the ovule
    • Fertilization occurs after pollination
    • The products of double fertilization are a zygote (2n) and an endosperm (3n)

    Flower and Fruit Development

    • Ovule → Seed
    • Ovary → Fruit
    • The ovary wall can take many forms during development (e.g., dry vs fleshy; multiple layers; dehiscent vs indehiscent)

    Seedling Development

    • The plant obtains its nutrition from the endosperm during its early stages of growth
    • The cotyledon soon takes over this function
    • Monocot: coleoptile covers the young shoot, and the shoot grows straight up through the tube of coleoptile
    • Dicot: hypocotyl hook gets pushed with growth, hook straightens in response to light, and cotyledons separate, epicotyl spreads leaves

    Flower and Fruit Diversity

    • The diversity of flowers may be associated with pollination due to co-evolution with pollinators
    • The diversity of fruit types can be associated with plant dispersal through seed dispersal

    Selfing and Outcrossing

    • Outcrossing is beneficial for genetic variability
    • Selfing can be beneficial in certain situations
    • Plants use various methods to promote outcrossing, such as self-incompatibility
    • Gametophytic self-incompatibility occurs in the gametophyte, while sporophytic self-incompatibility occurs in the sporophyte

    Asexual Reproduction

    • Asexual reproduction has advantages, such as increased reproduction and survival
    • Plants achieve asexual reproduction through various methods, such as budding, fragmentation, and vegetative propagation

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the parts of a typical flower, the differences between bisexual and unisexual flowers, as well as monoecious and dioecious plants. Explore flower anatomy and plant reproduction in this quiz.

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