Plant Reproduction and Flower Parts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which parts are found in a complete flower?

  • Petal and Sepal only
  • Pistil and Ovary only
  • Only Stamen
  • Stamen, Pistil, Petal, and Sepal (correct)

A monoecious plant has both male and female flowers on different individuals.

False (B)

What term is used for flowers that contain only male or only female reproductive structures?

Imperfect flowers

In an incomplete flower, both ________ and ________ parts may be missing.

<p>stamen, pistil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to plant propagation:

<p>Diclinous flower = Male and female on different plants Monoecious plants = Male and female on the same plant Dioecious plants = Flowers have sexual organs of only one type Imperfect flower = Contains only male or female structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of seed priming?

<p>To induce faster and more uniform germination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stratification involves applying high temperatures to seeds to satisfy dormancy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) primarily measure?

<p>Germination speed and tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scarification may be physical, chemical (acid), or involve _____ temperature.

<p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the seed treatment methods with their descriptions:

<p>Osmotic priming = Uses osmotic solutions for controlled hydration Pelleted seed = Coated seed to increase size for mechanization Matrix priming = Uses a solid matrix to hold seeds imbibed Drum priming = Treating seeds in a rotating drum for uniform hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of plant reproduction discussed?

<p>Seed propagation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Seed propagation is the least efficient method of plant reproduction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major types of seed plants?

<p>Gymnosperms and Angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

The male and female reproductive structures of gymnosperms are found in the _____ flowers.

<p>same</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following plant types with their characteristics:

<p>Gymnosperms = Seeds not enclosed in an ovary Angiosperms = Seeds enclosed in an ovary Ferns = Spore producing plants Mosses = Non-vascular plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are flowering plants?

<p>Angiosperms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Double fertilization occurs in gymnosperms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a non-vascular plant.

<p>Moss</p> Signup and view all the answers

The life cycle of __________ involves fronds and spore production.

<p>ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using F1 hybrids in plant breeding?

<p>Increased homogeneity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is parthenocarpy?

<p>Fruit production without seed formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endosperm is primarily responsible for the genetic information in seeds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of seed germination?

<p>Imbibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

In seed development, the ______ is responsible for bringing nutrients to the developing plant.

<p>endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of a seed with their functions:

<p>P - Pericarp = Protects the seed I - Integuments = Forms the seed coat N - Nucellus = Contains the embryo sac EM - Embryo = Develops into a new plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase follows the Lag Phase in seed germination?

<p>Protrusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The application of auxin can induce parthenocarpy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one method used to create seedless watermelons.

<p>Use of triploids (3n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial process that initiates seed germination?

<p>Imbibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Seeds with exogenous dormancy can germinate under suitable environmental conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the driving force for growth during seed germination?

<p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition where seeds will not germinate even when the environment is suitable is known as __________.

<p>dormancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of dormancy with their descriptions:

<p>Exogenous dormancy = Seeds do not germinate due to external factors Endogenous dormancy = Seeds fail to germinate due to internal physiological conditions Physical dormancy = Seeds have a hard seed coat that restricts germination Chemical dormancy = Chemical inhibitors prevent seed germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the seed is primarily involved in the emergence during germination?

<p>Radicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scarification is a method to stimulate seed dormancy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measure is used to evaluate germination success?

<p>Germination Percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the part of the seed that encases the embryo and restricts growth.

<p>seed coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence seed germination?

<p>Soil pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of cross-pollination?

<p>Increases the chance of cross-pollination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dichogamy is a genetic trait that allows male and female flowers on the same plant to bloom at the same time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for a population of seedlings that are phenotypically dissimilar?

<p>heterogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ cell and tube cell are important in pollen development.

<p>generative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Dichogamy = Genetic trait for timing of male and female flower blooming Inbreeding depression = Reduced vigor and productivity in homogeneous populations Double fertilization = Process in angiosperms involving the fertilization of both ovule and polar nuclei Homogeneous = Population with very similar genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of double fertilization result in?

<p>One zygote and one endosperm nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heterozygous populations are known for having very similar genotypes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main food reserves utilized during seed development.

<p>Carbohydrates, proteins, oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ stage of seed development involves cell expansion.

<p>Stage II</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the histodifferentiation stage of embryogenesis?

<p>Differentiation of tissues and establishing organ identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angiosperms undergo a process called double fertilization.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of seed development?

<p>Stage I, Stage II, Stage III</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ in the ovary becomes the seed.

<p>ovule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of inbreeding depression on a homogeneous population?

<p>Reduces vigor, size, and productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Complete Flower

A flower containing both male and female reproductive parts (stamens and pistil).

Incomplete Flower

A flower missing either male or female reproductive parts.

Male Flower

Flowers containing only male reproductive parts (stamens).

Female Flower

Flowers containing only female reproductive parts (pistil).

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Imperfect Flower

A flower having either male or female parts, but not both.

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Sexual Propagation

The primary method of plant reproduction, where a new plant is produced from a seed.

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Seedling

A young plant grown from a seed.

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F1 Hybrid

A hybrid cultivar created by crossing two parent lines, resulting in offspring with superior traits.

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Non-Vascular Plants

Plants lacking a vascular system, such as mosses, that reproduce through spores.

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Vascular Plants

Plants having a vascular system, including ferns, seed plants, and flowering plants.

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Seedless Plants

Plants that reproduce through spores, not seeds, commonly found in damp environments.

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Gymnosperms

Plants bearing seeds within cones, like pine trees, cycads, and ginkgoes.

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Ginkgo

A type of gymnosperm known for its unique fan-shaped leaves, often called the 'living fossil'.

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Angiosperms

Plants bearing seeds within flowers and fruits, including most flowering plants.

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Flower

The reproductive structure of a flowering plant, responsible for producing seeds.

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Seed Development

The process by which a seed develops into a mature, viable seed.

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Histo-Differentiation

The stage of seed development that includes cell expansion and differentiation.

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Maturation Drying

The stage of seed development where the seed dries out, reducing fresh weight and increasing dry weight.

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Parthenocarpy

The production of fruit without seeds.

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Colchicine

A chemical used to induce polyploidy, often used in parthenocarpy.

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Imbibition

The process of a seed absorbing water, starting the germination process.

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Lag Phase

The initial stage of seed germination where metabolic activity resumes.

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Radicle Protrusion

The stage where the radicle (root) emerges from the seed.

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Seed Imbibition

The process of imbibition, where water enters the seed and activates internal processes.

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Growth Driving Force

The force that drives growth in germinating seeds.

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Seed Dormancy

The period of dormancy during which a seed cannot germinate even under ideal conditions.

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Exogenous Dormancy

A type of dormancy caused by external factors like the seed coat or environmental conditions.

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Endogenous Dormancy

A type of dormancy caused by internal factors within the seed.

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Germination Percentage

A seed's ability to germinate successfully under suitable conditions, expressed as a percentage of seeds that sprout.

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Scarification

A process that helps water penetrate the hard seed coat and allows germination to occur.

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Two-Step Germination: Step 1 - Seed Coat Cracks

The first step in germination where water enters the seed and triggers internal processes.

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Two-Step Germination: Step 2 - Endosperm Stretches

The second step in germination where the endosperm stretches over the emerging radicle.

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Two-Step Germination: Step 3 - Radicle Protrudes

The third step in germination where the radicle emerges from the endosperm.

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Homozygous

A population of seedlings whose genotypes are very similar.

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Heterozygous

A population of seedlings whose genotypes are dissimilar.

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Homogenous

A population of seedlings that are phenotypically similar.

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Heterogeneous

A population of seedlings that are phenotypically dissimilar.

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Pollination

The process of transferring pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.

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Dichogamy

A genetic trait where male and female flowers on the same plant bloom at different times.

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Pollen

The male gametophyte in flowering plants, containing the generative cell and the tube cell.

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Generative cell

The cell in a pollen grain that will divide to form two sperm cells.

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Tube cell

The cell in a pollen grain that forms the pollen tube to deliver sperm to the ovule.

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Double Fertilization

The process by which a sperm cell from the pollen grain fertilizes the egg cell within the ovule. In flowering plants, it involves two separate fusions.

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Embryo sac

The female gametophyte in flowering plants, containing the egg cell and polar nuclei.

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Integuments

The protective outer layers of the ovule.

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Ovary

The part of the flower where the ovules are found and the seeds develop. It swells and becomes the fruit.

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Cell Expansion

The stage of seed development where cells rapidly enlarge, filling the seed with food reserves.

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Seed Germination

The process of producing a new individual from a seed.

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Seed Priming

A method for speeding up and standardizing seed germination, where seeds are exposed to controlled moisture before planting.

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Coated Seed (Pelleted Seed)

A seed treatment that involves coating seeds with a protective layer, often to increase size and facilitate mechanical planting.

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Germination Test (ISTA)

A method for testing seed germination that uses standardized procedures and evaluations based on the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) protocols.

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Study Notes

Plant Propagation Technology

  • Plant propagation involves methods for reproducing plants.
  • Seed propagation is a method of plant reproduction using seeds.
  • Sexual propagation is the major method, and is efficient and widely used.
  • Seedlings are cultivated from seeds.
  • F1 hybrid cultivars are produced using breeding techniques for increased homogeneity and higher performance.

Seed Development

  • Non-vascular plants (mosses) emerged 400 million years ago.
  • Vascular plants (seedless plants) appeared 300 million years ago.
  • Seed plants (ferns) originated 200 million years ago, followed by gymnosperms (cycads, ginkgo, conifers) — 100 million years ago and then angiosperms 55 million years ago.
  • Seed plants were categorized as gymnosperms and angiosperms.
  • Angiosperms are further subcategorized into monocots and dicots.

Seedless Plants - Ferns

  • Ferns are seedless plants.
  • Ferns are spore-producing plants.
  • Visual depictions of fern life cycles and spore and gamete production are included.

Gymnosperms

  • Gymnosperms are cone-bearing seed plants.
  • They include cycads, ginkgo, and conifers.
  • Gymnosperms have male and female flowers.

Ginkgo

  • A depiction of the ginkgo life cycle, highlighting male and female structures, and seeds is shown.

Conifer - Pine Tree

  • Diagrams showing the life cycle of a pine tree and its male and female structures are presented.

Angiosperms

  • Angiosperms are flowering plants with seeds enclosed in a fruit.
  • They include monocots (e.g., grasses, lilies) and dicots (e.g., roses, beans).
  • Angiosperms are characterized by double fertilization.
  • The components of a flower are shown.

Flower Anatomy

  • Detailed diagrams show the parts of a flower (stigma, style, ovary, sepal, petal, stamen).

Life Cycle of Angiosperms

  • Flowcharts detail the angiosperm life cycle from pollination to seed formation.

Complete/Perfect Flower

  • Flowers with all four parts (petals, sepals, stamen, pistil) are called complete flowers.

Incomplete Flower

  • Flowers lacking one or more of the four main parts are called incomplete flowers.

Imperfect Flower

  • Imperfect flowers lack either male or female parts.

To Increase the Chance of Cross-Pollination

  • Cross-pollination increases heterozygosity.
  • Plant vigor is enhanced.
  • Inbreeding depression is reduced.

Terms

  • Homogenous: A population of similar phenotypes.
  • Heterogenous: A population with dissimilar phenotypes.
  • Homozygous: A population with similar genotypes.
  • Heterozygous: A population with dissimilar genotypes.

Dichogamy

  • A genetic trait where male and female flowers of the same plant bloom at different times.
  • This reduces self-pollination.

Pollination

  • Transfer of pollen to a receptive part of the stigma or female cone.
  • Details on generative cells and tube cells in the process are included.

Pollen- Microgametophyte

  • Diagrams show pollen microgametophyte structure and development, outlining the stages from microsporangium to mature pollen.

Pollen Development – Anther

  • Stages in pollen development in the anther, showing microspore tetrads and mature pollen are displayed.

Gymnosperm Fertilization

  • Describes fertilization processes in gymnosperms, showing the microsporangium, microspore and megasporangium, megaspore and resulting fertilized zygote in the embryo.

Angiosperm Egg Cell - Megagametophyte

  • Stages of meiosis I and meiosis II, along with megagametogenesis in the embryo sac are depicted, with a detailed diagram of the embryo sac.

Double Fertilization

  • Angiosperms utilize a process of double fertilization, the first sperm fuses with the egg, forming a zygote, and the second sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei giving rise to the endosperm providing nutrition for the developing embryo.

Ovary

  • Structure and function of the ovary, from its definition as part of the flower, to its role in the formation of ovules and the process of producing fruit and the seed itself.

Seed Anatomy

  • Displays the various structures of seeds in different plant types, such as; pine, corn, magnolia, beet, and pear.
  • Details shown on the seeds’ endosperm, embryo, and seed coat.

Seed Development

  • Stages of seed development (histo-differentiation, cell expansion, and maturation drying) are detailed, showing the distinct stages, and cellular changes.

Stage II – Cell Expansion

  • Stages in the expansion portion of seed development; seed filling, food reserves (carbohydrate, protein and oils), and germination needs (energy and food crops).

Stage III – Maturation Drying

  • The stage of maturation and drying, involves maximum dry weight increase and decrease in fresh weight.
  • The role of abscisic acid (ABA) in this stage is mentioned.

Parthenocarpy

  • Fruit production without seed formation, illustrated in watermelon development.
  • Procedures used to produce seedless watermelon are shown.

Phases of Seed Germination

  • Stages in the seed germination process (imbibition, lag phase, radicle protrusion, and seedling emergence).

Seed Germination Environment

  • Factors influencing seed germination (light, water, oxygen, temperature).

Seed Dormancy

  • Seed dormancy is a condition in which seeds do not germinate even when environmental conditions are suitable.
  • Different types of dormancy (e.g., exogenous and endogenous) are explained.

Breaking Seed Dormancy

  • Methods for overcoming seed dormancy (scarification, stratification, GA and other PGR treatments).

Measures of Germination

  • Measures of germination speed, germination percentage; and the use of germination tests.

Enhancing Germination

  • Methods to improve germination (coated seeds, pelleted seeds, seed priming, pre-germinated seeds).

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