Study Data Analysis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What term describes the situation in Hawaii during the dengue fever outbreak in 2019?

  • Outbreak (correct)
  • Endemic
  • Epidemic
  • Sporadic

What term is used to describe cases of a disease that exceed the normal expected levels?

  • Sporadic
  • Pandemic
  • Epidemic (correct)
  • Endemic

Which term fits the following definition: 'clearly in excess of normal expectancy'?

  • Endemic
  • Sporadic
  • Epidemic (correct)
  • Pandemic

If a disease is constantly present within a population, it is referred to as what?

<p>Endemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term would best describe a global spread of a disease?

<p>Pandemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Iowa Women’s Health Study is an example of which type of study?

<p>Cohort study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study comparing MMR vaccine history among children with and without pervasive development disorder is an example of which type of study?

<p>Observational case-control study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study is reflected by randomly giving women one of two new rotavirus vaccines and later assessing side effects?

<p>Experimental study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The American investigators' study on MMR vaccine history among children with pervasive development disorders is classified as which type of study?

<p>Case-control study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an analytical or epidemiologic study?

<p>A random survey of public opinions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study investigating the effect of HIV infection on mortality among people with TB would most likely be categorized as which type?

<p>Cohort study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The type of study that assesses the relationship between exposures and subsequent health outcomes usually falls under what category?

<p>Cohort study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies focuses on the effects of pre-existing conditions rather than direct experimentation?

<p>Observational case-control study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'distribution' refer to in the definition of epidemiology?

<p>The patterns of health-related events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what is typically included in the term 'determinants'?

<p>Causative factors and sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the epidemiologic triad?

<p>Symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes health surveillance?

<p>Continuous collection and evaluation of health data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the iceberg phenomenon in epidemiology suggest?

<p>There are more cases than those that are reported (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing surveillance data, which age group is typically preferred for analysis?

<p>Age stratifications based on risk factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of the epidemiologic triad?

<p>Environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common purpose of health surveillance?

<p>To track health trends over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does epidemiology primarily focus on?

<p>The spread of diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be classified as a risk factor in epidemiology?

<p>Genetic predispositions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the attack rate among those who drank vodka?

<p>10/11 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the attack rate among those who ate apple pie?

<p>46/184 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the attack rate among those who did not eat orange?

<p>5/100 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fraction represents the largest attack rate from the given options?

<p>10/11 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between attack rates and food consumption?

<p>Attack rates vary depending on specific food items. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a valid fraction representing an attack rate from the given data?

<p>8/100 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be inferred about the attack rates presented?

<p>The calculated attack rates are influenced by food preferences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fraction corresponds to the attack rate of the group that had the lowest overall consumption?

<p>5/100 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a disease spreading rapidly in a specific community or population?

<p>Epidemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe a disease that occurs regularly in a population?

<p>Endemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pandemic' refer to?

<p>A disease that is prevalent over an entire country or the world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an epidemic, what is the key feature regarding the rate of spread?

<p>It increases rapidly within a short period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be indicated by sporadic cases of a disease?

<p>Random occurrences of the disease in different areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing an attack rate, what aspect is primarily calculated?

<p>The proportion of exposed individuals who become ill (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to be associated with an epidemic?

<p>Long-term, consistent disease prevalence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In December, a flu outbreak among students at MSI can best be categorized as:

<p>Epidemic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prevention is indicated by education about healthy habits among participants with diabetes?

<p>Primary prevention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prevention is rubella immunization classified as?

<p>Primary prevention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prevention is represented by high blood pressure screening in individuals older than 50?

<p>Secondary prevention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

HIV infection is considered what type of cause for AIDS?

<p>Necessary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of alcohol consumption concerning cirrhosis?

<p>Not necessary, not sufficient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prevention does vaccination against cervical cancer exemplify?

<p>Primary prevention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fraction describes a ratio?

<p>None of these (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the term best describing the activity: Graph the number of malaria cases by year.

<p>Distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to the mortality rate if both the prevalence and mortality of a disease are high?

<p>The mortality rate will increase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gene mutation associated with Tay-Sachs is classified as which type of cause?

<p>Necessary cause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of marking water sources on a map near cholera cases?

<p>Assessing risk factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calculating point prevalence refers to assessing cases at what specific time frame?

<p>At a specific point in time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term that best describes tabulating clinical signs and laboratory findings among children with chickenpox is?

<p>Distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prevention is exemplified by screening for high blood pressure?

<p>Secondary prevention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Epidemiology?

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

What does "distribution" refer to in epidemiology?

In epidemiology, "distribution" encompasses the factors that influence the occurrence of health outcomes, such as frequency, patterns, and trends.

What are the general determinants in epidemiology?

Determinants in epidemiology include the factors that contribute to the cause of health problems, such as causes, sources, risk factors, and agents.

What is the epidemiological triad?

The epidemiologic triad is a framework that highlights the interaction between the agent, host, and environment in the development of a disease. It emphasizes that disease doesn't occur in isolation but is the outcome of these three factors.

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What is health surveillance?

Health surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data for the purpose of public health action.

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What is the iceberg phenomenon?

The iceberg phenomenon in epidemiology describes the fact that the reported incidence of a disease is often significantly lower than the actual incidence. Many cases of disease go unreported due to asymptomatic or mild presentations.

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When analyzing surveillance data by age, what age group is preferred?

The preferred age group for analyzing surveillance data is often categorized by specific age intervals or ranges to better understand how different age groups are affected by health issues.

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Outbreak

The occurrence of more cases of a disease than expected in a particular area or time period.

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Endemic

A disease that is constantly present at a low level in a particular geographic area.

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Pandemic

A disease that spreads rapidly over a large geographic area, affecting a significant portion of the population.

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Sporadic

Cases of a disease that occur irregularly and often at different times and locations.

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Epidemic

A widespread occurrence of a disease in a community or region, exceeding the normal levels.

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What is the attack rate?

The attack rate is a measure of how many people who were exposed to a disease got sick. It's calculated by dividing the number of people who got sick by the total number of people exposed.

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Direct transmission

Direct transmission occurs when a pathogen is transferred directly from one infected person to another, without any intermediate objects.

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How to calculate attack rate?

To calculate the attack rate, you need to divide the number of people who got sick by the total number of people exposed.

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Attack rate - Vodka drinkers

The attack rate among those who drank vodka is calculated by dividing the number of people who drank vodka and got sick by the total number of people who drank vodka.

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Attack rate - Apple pie eaters

The attack rate among those who ate apple pie is calculated by dividing the number of people who ate apple pie and got sick by the total number of people who ate apple pie.

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Attack rate - No orange eaters

The attack rate among those who did not eat orange is calculated by dividing the number of people who did not eat oranges and got sick by the total number of people who did not eat oranges.

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Attack rate

A measure of the frequency of a disease or condition in a population during a specified period.

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Epidemic curve

A visual representation of the number of cases of a disease over time, used to understand the trends and patterns of an outbreak.

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Health surveillance

The systematic and ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data for public health action.

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Cohort Study

A study where researchers observe and measure a group of people over time to see how exposure to a certain factor (e.g., smoking) affects their health.

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Case-Control Study

A study comparing a group with a disease (cases) to a group without the disease (controls), looking back in time to identify differences in exposure to a factor of interest.

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Cross-Sectional Study

A study where researchers collect data from a group of people at a single point in time. It provides a snapshot of the health of a population at that moment.

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Experimental Study

A study where researchers actively manipulate an intervention (e.g., a new drug) in a group of people to see its effect compared to a control group.

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Case Study

A type of observational study focusing on a single case or a small group, providing detailed information about a specific situation.

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Observational Study

A study that relies on observing exposures and outcomes in a population without any intervention.

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Ecological Study

A study that investigates a health issue or disease in a specific geographic area or population, helping to understand local trends.

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Longitudinal Study

A type of observational study where researchers collect data from a specific group of people over time, monitoring changes in health outcomes and exposures.

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Point Prevalence

Describes the number of existing cases in a population at a specific point in time.

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Cumulative Incidence

Focuses on measuring the number of new cases that occur over a specific period.

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Risk

The probability of developing a disease during a specific period.

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Risk Factor

A factor that increases the likelihood of developing a disease.

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Distribution

The frequency of a health event in a population.

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Determinants

A factor that influences the occurrence of a health event, such as causes, risk factors, and sources.

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Application

Using existing knowledge to solve a problem.

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Primary Prevention

Actions taken to prevent the occurrence of a disease.

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Secondary Prevention

Actions taken to detect a disease early and intervene before it causes significant harm.

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Tertiary Prevention

Actions taken to manage the symptoms of a disease and prevent further complications.

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Attributable Risk

A measure of association that indicates the proportion of cases in an exposed group compared to an unexposed group.

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Study Notes

Study Notes

  • The provided documents appear to be a large dataset or spreadsheet.
  • Data entries relate to various aspects of a study, potentially including participants, study variables, and results.
  • More context is needed to understand the specific type of study.
  • Further information about the study's design and purpose is missing.
  • The data is in a tabular format.
  • Some columns may include details about study procedures, analysis methods, or outcomes.

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Related Documents

Epidemiology Past Paper PDF

Description

Explore the intricacies of analyzing a large dataset related to a study. This quiz will guide you through the types of data entries, study variables, and results. Enhance your understanding of data representation in tabular formats and the significance of various study elements.

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