Speaking
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Questions and Answers

What do many students primarily want to achieve in their English language studies?

  • To master grammar rules
  • To learn to read effectively
  • To write better essays
  • To improve their speaking skills (correct)

Students overwhelmingly recognize the importance of being an effective listener in speaking situations.

False (B)

Name one common reason students may feel a discrepancy between their speaking ability and their understanding of grammar.

Lack of accessible partners to talk with

Proficiency in speaking is often incorrectly equated with accuracy and _____ in the students' perspective.

<p>speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the speaking characteristics with their definitions:

<p>Fluency = The ability to speak without hesitation Lexis = A range of vocabulary necessary for communication Reciprocity = The exchange of dialogue between speakers Planned speech = Speech that involves pre-organization and scripting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the definition of 'fluency' in speaking?

<p>Having correct grammar in speech (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An effective speaker in English must not only produce words but also be aware of conversational norms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can one characteristic that defines a wedding speech be?

<p>Planning or scripted content</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which speaking event is characterized by maximum distance, formality, and no reciprocity?

<p>Giving a speech (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All speech events are characterized by the same level of formality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key characteristic that distinguishes informal speaking events?

<p>Spontaneity and reciprocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a script for a speech, there is typically an introduction and a __________.

<p>conclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following speaking events with their characteristics:

<p>News broadcast = Maximum distance, formal, planned, no reciprocity Job interview = Distance, some planning, power relationship Discussing a film = Informal, spontaneous, reciprocity Buying vegetables = Formal, transactional with formulaic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase is typically used when making a toast?

<p>Could I have your attention please? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Speakers in a conversation often rely on written scripts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of informal speech events?

<p>Lack of planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of ___________ and facial expression is important in conversation to clarify the message.

<p>gesture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases with their corresponding speaking events:

<p>Can I help you, please? = Buying vegetables How do you do? = Meeting someone for the first time First the main news items. = News broadcast Why did you leave your last job? = Job interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'speaking' as it occurs in real-time?

<p>It is often less densely packed with information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conversation can be either transactional or interactional.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two strategies speakers use to enhance communication during conversations?

<p>Reformulation and real-time decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

In speech events characterized by ___________, the speaker is often aware of reciprocal interactions.

<p>informality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these events is categorized as informal and characterized by reciprocity?

<p>Having a drink with friends (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of speaking in a Grammar Translation classroom?

<p>Students read aloud or recite exercises in the target language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Audio-Lingual method, mistakes in speaking are encouraged.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does communicative competence combine?

<p>knowledge of grammar and socio-linguistic competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ is the ability to use language to communicate meaningfully in a culturally appropriate way.

<p>socio-linguistic competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following speaking methodologies with their descriptions:

<p>Grammar Translation = Focuses on reading and reciting in target language. Audio-Lingual = Involves drilling sentences for accuracy. Communicative Approach = Emphasizes meaningful communication. Task-Based Learning = Students identify language needs in tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following issues is a potential problem area for students in speaking?

<p>Narrow intonation range (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Grammatical accuracy is not important in effective speaking.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Communicative Approach to language teaching?

<p>meaningful communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Students learn what they identify they ___ in the classroom.

<p>need</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following experts to their contributions:

<p>Noam Chomsky = Theoretical ability to form sentences. Dell Hymes = Communicative competence encompassing culture. Thornbury = Defined accuracy in language learning. Halliday = Contributions to the Communicative Approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Task-Based Learning, students are often given which kind of tasks?

<p>Tasks with no pre-taught language (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluency deals primarily with the correctness of grammatical structures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is accuracy judged by in language learning?

<p>the extent to which the learner's output matches external standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

Errors in speaking are regarded as ___ in the learning process.

<p>part of the learning process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem in face-to-face speaking?

<p>Inability to express disagreement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Lexical Approach emphasizes the importance of vocabulary over grammar in language learning.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one common feature of conversational gambits in language teaching.

<p>Transitional phrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

The book 'Discourse' by Cook focuses on understanding how language functions in __________ contexts.

<p>real-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following authors with their contributions:

<p>Thornbury, S. = How to Teach Speaking Ur, P. = Discussions that Work Brown, G. &amp; Yule, G. = Teaching the Spoken Language Brumfit, C.J. = Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of roleplay in language learning?

<p>It ensures all students are spectators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Roleplay allows students to interact without any spectators.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key aspect of roleplay that helps shyer students?

<p>It provides a ‘mask’</p> Signup and view all the answers

Roleplay helps students deal with _________ by preparing them for unpredictable situations.

<p>unpredictability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of roleplay with their descriptions:

<p>Imagination = Students use creativity in their roles Environment = A safe space for interaction Peer Interaction = Students help and support each other Preparation = Teachers thoroughly plan and set up activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the teacher's role in a successful roleplay activity?

<p>To provide guidance and organize feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Roleplays can be conducted without thorough planning by the teacher.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem that teachers might anticipate during speaking activities?

<p>Students may lack necessary speaking skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

A successful discussion involves all students participating in a meaningful ________ of ideas.

<p>exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the identified problems in speaking activities with their solutions:

<p>Students lack language = Anticipate and pre-teach necessary language Certain students dominate = Allocate roles to ensure balanced participation Students feel inhibited = Implement anonymous correction methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding roleplay's connection to reality?

<p>It links imagination to real-world scenarios (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clear aims should be communicated to students during roleplay activities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial element teachers must consider when planning speaking activities?

<p>Choosing appropriate and meaningful topics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Too much ________ can negatively affect fluency in speaking activities.

<p>time pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes fluency?

<p>The capacity to produce language in real-time without undue pausing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluency in writing does not exist.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be an accurate listener?

<p>It means correctly picking out specific information from a text without making many mistakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluency involves the ability to adjust the message according to the responses of the ________.

<p>listener</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Fluency = The ability to communicate an intended message Accuracy = The ability to correctly interpret and produce language Lexical phrases = Prefabricated speech for efficient communication Real-time processing = Producing language without undue hesitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy can support fluency when a speaker lacks specific vocabulary?

<p>Use circumlocution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The length of speech delivery is the primary factor that defines fluency.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'prefabricated speech' in the context of fluency?

<p>It refers to using common lexical phrases for more efficient communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be prioritized during fluency activities to maintain communication flow?

<p>Avoiding interruptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Errors in student speech should be corrected immediately during fluency activities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to use language without verbal or grammatical mistakes?

<p>Accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peer correction is __________ in the classroom and may require training.

<p>valuable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following speaking concepts with their definitions:

<p>Complexity = Using structures typical of higher level learners Adjacency pair = Two consecutive spoken turns Interactional communication = Language used to maintain social relations Transactional language = Communication aimed at getting things done</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is considered more important than constant accuracy during fluency practice?

<p>Meaningful communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequent correction during fluency activities can enhance language learning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the key characteristics of transactional language.

<p>Aimed at doing business or getting things done.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Errors in communication are now viewed as __________ of learning.

<p>indicators</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason for students to require guidance in error identification?

<p>They may lack training in providing feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluency can only be achieved through perfect accuracy in speaking.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'back channelling' signals used for in conversation?

<p>To show interest and attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tasks is likely easier for lower-level students?

<p>Planning a tour for classmates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Students should be encouraged to express themselves as __________ as they can.

<p>correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Higher-level students prefer tasks that involve predictability and familiarity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one essential consideration when planning fluency activities?

<p>Realistic production time and student preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The more students know about a topic, the more _____ they will have in completing related tasks.

<p>confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of conversation primarily involves sharing viewpoints?

<p>Exchange information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Students should be unaware of the importance of gestures and body language in conversation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle?

<p>Quantity, Quality, Relation, Manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of _____ refers to how consecutive utterances are related to one another.

<p>adjacency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of conversation indicates when someone should finish their turn?

<p>Turn-taking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conversations can include inappropriate topics without causing any issues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conversational aspects with their definitions:

<p>Co-operative Principle = Guidelines for effective communication Adjacency = Relations between utterances Turn-taking = Management of speaking turns Stress and intonation = Signaling conversation dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies can help students manage difficulties in conversation?

<p>Taking turns appropriately (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should students be made aware of to support their speaking abilities?

<p>Conversational norms and cultural appropriateness</p> Signup and view all the answers

A conversation's _____ and endings can vary based on cultural factors.

<p>openings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Students do not require help in identifying speakers' intentions during conversations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes fluency in speaking?

<p>Understanding and manipulating language in real time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communicative activities are always fluency-focused.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of freer speaking activities in language learning?

<p>To allow students to manipulate any relevant language and communicate more freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fluency activity may involve students listening to recordings of speakers to notice aspects of their __________.

<p>interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following speaking activities with their descriptions:

<p>Roleplay = Simulating real-life scenarios Debating = Arguing different sides of a topic Story-telling = Narrating a sequence of events Brainstorming = Generating ideas in a spontaneous manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is considered effective for developing fluency?

<p>Roleplay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluency in speaking does not require an awareness of conversational norms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the production stage of a language lesson?

<p>Students manipulate language relevant to the task, often engaging in freer speaking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The method that posits mastery of language and fluency follows after accuracy is the __________ approach.

<p>Present-Practice-Produce</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of speaking activities with their intended focus:

<p>Problem-solving = Finding solutions to given challenges Project work = Collaborative tasks with specific outcomes Instruction-giving = Conveying information or directions Ordering activities = Arranging items or concepts in a sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the desired outcome of a fluency-focused activity?

<p>Allowing for free expression with awareness of language features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freer speaking activities are teacher-centered.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge students may face in developing fluency?

<p>Hesitation or anxiety while speaking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Activities like __________ and simulations are designed to create conditions similar to real speaking.

<p>roleplay</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of controlled activities in conversational competence?

<p>To help students gain confidence in participation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gestures and body language are universally the same across all cultures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one activity type that can help students develop their conversational ability?

<p>Fluency activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of analyzing one's own and others' interaction is referred to as providing ______ activities.

<p>feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each conversational activity type with its main focus:

<p>Clarifying what you mean = Correcting self Restating what someone else has said = Rephrasing others’ statements Finishing your story = Completing narratives Summarizing = Condensing main points</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one outcome of raising students' awareness of native speakers' conversational practices?

<p>Improved ability to interpret conversations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluency activities should never involve correction of errors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one key aspect of conversational competence that can be developed through feedback activities.

<p>Awareness of communication strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Students need to practice ______ in speaking to express their own ideas and opinions.

<p>making decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity helps develop students' understanding of culturally appropriate gestures?

<p>Listening to recorded conversations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Errors in speaking are regarded as negative and should always be avoided in practice.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key objective of feedback activities in conversation practice?

<p>To provide information for improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nolasco and Arthur state that understanding ______ features is crucial for effective communication.

<p>culture-specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases with their corresponding conversational skill:

<p>What I mean is = Clarifying what you mean So what you're saying is = Restating what someone else has said So in the end = Finishing your story In other words = Rephrasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fluency in speaking

The ability to speak English fluently and accurately, often including correct grammar and the ability to speak quickly.

Grammatical accuracy in speaking

Understanding and applying the rules of grammar correctly when speaking.

Lexical range in speaking

Having a wide range of vocabulary that allows you to talk about various topics and situations.

Effective listening

The ability to listen effectively and understand what others are saying in a conversation.

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Conventions of conversation

The unwritten rules and expectations that govern how people interact and communicate in conversations.

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Types of speaking events

Different types of speaking events require different skills and language choices.

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Planned speaking

Speaking where the speaker plans what they will say in advance.

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Spontaneous speaking

Speaking where the speaker responds spontaneously to what others say.

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Formal, Planned Speech Events

Speaking events like giving a speech or delivering a news broadcast, characterized by maximum distance, formality, planning, and no reciprocity.

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Semi-Formal, Planned Speech Events

Speaking events like presentations, job interviews, and political debates, exhibit a balance between formality, planning, spontaneity, and reciprocity, often with a power dynamic.

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Informal, Spontaneous Speech Events

Speaking events like casual conversations, sharing a meal, and choosing gifts with friends, are informal, spontaneous, highly reciprocal, and filled with emotional expression.

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Formal, Transactional Speech Events

Speech events that follow a specific structure and often employ set phrases, such as buying tickets, shopping at a market stall, or meeting someone for the first time.

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Examples of Formal, Planned Speech Events

A news broadcast, a formal speech, and a presentation.

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Examples of Semi-Formal, Planned Speech Events

A job interview, a political debate, and a formal presentation.

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Examples of Informal, Spontaneous Speech Events

Discussing a film with friends, having a drink/dinner with family, and deciding on a gift with a friend.

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Examples of Formal, Transactional Speech Events

Buying theater tickets, buying groceries, and meeting someone for the first time.

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Characteristics of Speaking

Speaking events happen in real time, are often unplanned and unpredictable, and rely on the speaker's ability to manipulate language.

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Characteristics of Speaking

Speaking involves unfinished utterances, reformulation, simultaneous speech, and listener feedback using expressions like 'mm' or 'oh'.

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Characteristics of Speaking

Speaking often uses strategies like reformulation to enhance communication and involves interaction with other speakers, requiring effective listening and reciprocity.

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Characteristics of Speaking

Speaking requires understanding the conventions of conversation, utilizing gesture and body language, and making real-time decisions to ensure clear communication.

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Types of Conversation

Types of conversation can be either transactional, focused on achieving a specific goal, or interactional, focused on building relationships.

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Challenges for Students in Speaking

Students often struggle with real-time performance, unpredictable situations, and conveying meaning effectively in speaking events.

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Importance of Understanding Speaking Challenges

Understanding and addressing the unique challenges students face in speaking is crucial for improving their fluency and communication skills.

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Accuracy in speaking

The ability to correctly produce sounds and grammatical structures in a language.

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Lexis availability and use

Students may find it difficult to use the correct vocabulary for a specific situation.

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Speaking speed

Students may speak too quickly or too slowly, making it hard to understand.

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Intonation range

Students may use a monotonous tone or lack variety in their voice.

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Articulation of sounds

Students may have difficulty pronouncing certain sounds clearly.

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Appropriate participation

Students may interrupt others or express disagreement inappropriately.

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Communicative competence

The ability to use language in a way that is appropriate for the social context.

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Grammatical accuracy

Students may be unsure of the correct grammatical rules.

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Physical distance in speaking

Students may stand too close or too far from the person they are speaking to.

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Product-oriented speaking

Speaking activities that focus on the product or outcome of communication, such as completing a task or sharing information.

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Information gap activities

Speaking activities that involve a gap in information or knowledge.

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Linguistic Competence

The theoretical ability to produce grammatically correct sentences in a language.

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Communicative competence

The ability to use language effectively in a real-world context.

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The Communicative Approach

A teaching approach that emphasizes the importance of using language in authentic, communicative situations.

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Lexical chunks in speaking

Using pre-prepared phrases and chunks of language to speed up speech and make it more fluent. Think of it like using building blocks to create sentences quickly.

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Communicative competence in speaking

Understanding how to adjust your language based on the situation and your listener. It's about being communicative and appropriate in each situation.

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Communication strategies

The ability to use different strategies to communicate effectively, like using your hands or changing your tone of voice.

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Roleplay

A classroom activity where students assume roles and engage in imaginative scenarios.

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Roleplay's learning method

Roleplay helps students learn by doing, combining real-world experiences with imaginary scenarios.

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Students' roleplay autonomy

Students create their own reality within the roleplay, independent of the teacher's control.

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Roleplay's real-world connection

Roleplay allows exploration and experimentation with knowledge of the real world in a safe environment.

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Roleplay's communication focus

Roleplay promotes effective communication, interaction and developing social skills within the scenario.

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Roleplay's benefit for shy students

Roleplay provides a safe space for shy students to participate and express themselves in an imaginary environment.

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Roleplay's versatility

Roleplay is versatile and adaptable to different learning objectives and can be tailored to specific language targets.

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Roleplay's motivational benefits

Engaging and motivating students with a fun and interactive experience, roleplay promotes fluency and communication.

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Roleplay's imaginative component

Roleplay encourages students to think creatively and use their imaginations to fully embrace their roles.

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Successful discussion

Successful discussions involve all students participating in a meaningful exchange of ideas and perspectives.

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Challenges in speaking activities

Problems with speaking activities can arise from students lacking confidence, motivation, or necessary skills.

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Teacher's role in addressing speaking problems

Teachers should anticipate these problems and plan accordingly to create a successful speaking environment.

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Solutions to common speaking problems

Careful topic choice, clear instructions, and pre-teaching necessary skills are crucial for successful speaking exercises.

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The importance of addressing speaking problems 

Teachers need to address the challenges students face in speaking activities and provide effective strategies for their success.

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Rationale for balanced language teaching

It is important for teachers to develop a clear rationale for the balanced approach to language teaching they adopt.

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What's the difference between accuracy and fluency?

Simply being able to use language correctly isn't enough to be fluent. Fluency involves understanding, responding, using appropriate language in real-time, following conversational conventions, and doing all of this with complexity and minimal hesitation.

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Is every communicative activity fluency-focused?

Communicative activities are those where students interact using language, but they don't necessarily focus on fluency. They might be very structured and controlled.

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What is a freer speaking activity?

Freer speaking activities aim to help students speak more naturally and spontaneously, allowing for mistakes and focusing on communication rather than strict accuracy.

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How do fluency activities differ from freer speaking activities?

While freer speaking activities allow for more natural language use, they often still have an underlying language focus. Fluency activities, on the other hand, aim to raise awareness of features of fluent speech and conversation.

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Can we teach fluency?

Fluency is not something that happens automatically. We can teach aspects of speaking and conversation that directly contribute to improved fluency.

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Why is it important to identify speaking challenges?

To boost fluency, we need to understand the types of speaking our students need and the specific challenges they face.

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What types of activities can we use to develop fluency?

Activities like roleplay, problem-solving, storytelling, and debates can all help students practise fluency in speaking and conversation.

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How do fluency activities for conversation differ from activities for general speaking?

Fluency activities for conversation focus on developing awareness of features and conventions of conversation, like turn-taking, changing the subject, and opening a conversation.

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Do all classroom activities prioritize fluency?

While all classroom language activities involve some degree of fluency, some prioritize it more than others.

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How can roleplay help develop fluency?

Roleplay is a great way to help students practice fluency in different situations, allowing them to take on roles and try out different ways of speaking.

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How do problem-solving activities enhance fluency?

Problem-solving activities encourage students to communicate and collaborate to find solutions, leading to more natural and spontaneous language use.

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Why is storytelling a valuable fluency activity?

Storytelling allows students to express themselves creatively and practice fluency in a structured way, developing vocabulary and narrative skills.

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How can ranking activities improve fluency?

Ranking activities, where students have to compare and justify their choices, encourage fluency by prompting reasoned discussion and elaboration.

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Why is debating beneficial for fluency development?

Debating a topic requires students to use language persuasively, argue effectively, and respond to counterarguments, improving their fluency and critical thinking skills.

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How can brainstorming activities boost fluency?

Brainstorming activities encourage fluency by encouraging students to generate ideas freely and collaboratively, developing vocabulary related to the topic.

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The Distance Delta

The gap in skills or abilities between students of different proficiency levels. Lower levels are often more comfortable with concrete tasks, while higher levels are more tolerant of abstract tasks.

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The Co-operative Principle

A set of guidelines for successful communication in conversations, including clarity, conciseness, and appropriate turn-taking.

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The Creation of Meaning

The way context and relationships influence the meaning of what is said. For example, 'The phone's ringing' can be a simple observation, a request, or an excuse.

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Adjacency Pairs

Two consecutive utterances in conversation where the second is clearly related to the first. They can be predictable or less predictable.

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Turn-taking

The rules of who speaks, when, and for how long in a conversation. Participants need to be aware of turn transitions and how to join in.

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Openings and Closings

Expressions used to initiate or end a conversation. These can be challenging for students to recognize.

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Topic

The appropriateness of topics for conversation, taking into account cultural norms and gender differences.

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Stress and Intonation

The use of stress and intonation to signal turn-taking, open and close conversations, and express meaning.

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Conversational Fluency

The ability to speak spontaneously and fluently in real-time conversations, adapt to unexpected situations, and communicate clearly.

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Conversation Strategies

Strategies that help students deal with conversational challenges, take turns, and understand body language.

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Conversation

Any spoken interaction between two or more people where there is no specific goal to achieve; everyone can share their thoughts and feelings.

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Transactional Conversation

Speaking events that focus on achieving a specific goal, such as buying tickets or ordering food.

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Interactional Conversation

Speaking events that focus on building relationships and sharing thoughts and feelings.

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Appropriate Gesture and Body Language

The awareness of what is considered appropriate gesture and body language in different cultures.

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Freer Speaking Activities

Activities that encourage students to interact and communicate in a way that focuses on the natural flow of language and expression, rather than strict grammatical accuracy. They aim to help learners speak more spontaneously and confidently.

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Fluency Activities

Activities that aim to explicitly teach and raise awareness of features that contribute to fluent speech in conversations, such as turn-taking, using filler words, and understanding conversational conventions.

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Gesture and Body Language in Communication

The way people use gestures and body language to communicate, which differs in various cultures.

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Conversational Competence

The ability to understand and participate effectively in conversations. This involves understanding the flow of conversation and knowing how to use appropriate language and gestures.

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Common Chunks or Phrases in Conversation

Short, common phrases used in everyday conversation. They can include greetings, asking for information, or expressing agreement or disagreement.

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Fluency Activities in Language Learning

Activities in a language classroom where students learn to use the language naturally, without focusing on grammar rules.

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Raising Awareness of Native Speaker Conversation

Activities that focus on raising students' awareness of how native speakers converse, including their pronunciation, vocabulary, and conversational strategies.

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Fluency Practice Activities in Real Time

Activities that allow students to practice speaking and decision-making in real time, like expressing opinions and participating in spontaneous conversations.

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Feedback Activities in Language Learning

Activities where students analyze their own or others' communication to identify strengths or areas for improvement. This involves reflecting on strategies and learning from mistakes.

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Clarifying Meaning or Correcting Yourself

Clarifying what you mean or correcting yourself during a conversation. It's about making sure you are understood and correcting any misinterpretations.

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Restating What Someone Else Said

Repeating someone else's statement in your own words to show you understand what they said. It's about ensuring you are on the same page.

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Finishing a Story or Conversation

Bringing a story or conversation to an end by summarizing the key points. This helps conclude a topic and move on to something else.

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Rephrasing in Conversation

Expressing the same message using different words. It's about rewording something to make it clearer or more understandable.

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Summarizing a Conversation

Summarizing the main points or key information from a conversation or story. It's about capturing the essence of what was said.

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Returning to an Earlier Point in a Conversation

Going back to a previous point in a conversation to clarify something or continue a discussion. It's about ensuring everyone is on the same page.

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Asking for Clarification or Repetition

Asking for clarification or repetition to ensure understanding in a conversation. It's about asking for confirmation and making sure you are on the same track.

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Fluency

The ability to understand and manipulate appropriate language and respond to the message being communicated in real time.

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Complexity

Using structures that are more typical of higher level learners than lower level ones.

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Transactional language

Communication with an aim to doing business or generally getting things done eg ‘How much do you want for that?’ ‘Can you arrange a meeting for next Tuesday?’

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Phatic communication

Language whose purpose is to smooth the conduct of social relations rather than with a transactional purpose. This is often formulaic language e.g. small talk; ‘Nice weather we’re having’.

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Backchannelling

Verbal signals given by the listener to show interest, attention, surprise etc.

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Reformulation

Students encode the language they know to achieve and outcome and the teacher reformulates this i.e. makes it more accurate. In other words, the content is dictated by the student and the form by the teacher.

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Why correct?

Correction should focus on what students have said and how they said it, not just grammar.

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Correction and aims

It's important to consider the aims and goals of language learning when deciding how to correct errors.

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Errors as learning tools

Errors can be seen as positive indicators of learning, not just mistakes.

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Correcting for fluency

Correction should help students develop fluency, not just focus on grammatical accuracy.

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Peer correction

Peer correction is a valuable tool but students need training in how to identify and provide constructive feedback.

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Interrupting during activities

The teacher should ideally not interrupt the flow of an activity to correct errors, but provide feedback at the end.

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Activities for speaking

The goal of activities is to help students practice speaking and express their own meaning, not just focus on accuracy.

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Study Notes

Student Motivation in English Language Study

  • Students overwhelmingly prioritize speaking ability, often contrasting with their grammatical understanding, writing skills, and test-taking abilities.
  • Reasons for this include: lack of speaking partners, education systems not emphasizing speaking, focus on written exams, negative experiences with a formal English approach, or informal learning with native speakers.
  • Students often have an imprecise understanding of what 'speaking' the language entails.
  • Teachers also sometimes have a vague understanding, causing potential misunderstandings of communicative practice aims.
  • Students' understanding and perception of language "fluency," particularly spoken fluency, will potentially need to be better defined to aid instruction and learning (e.g, speaking speed versus length).

Fluency and Types of Speaking

  • Students often associate fluency with grammatical accuracy and speed, neglecting vocabulary range, and effective language use in diverse situations.
  • Key aspects of fluency, including effective listening, conversation conventions, and characteristics of different speech events (genres), are often overlooked by students.
  • Speaking depends significantly on the situation; speech events like speeches and anecdotes require differing conventions (e.g., planning/spontaneity, reciprocity, formality, social distance, power issues, lexis).
  • Conventions are guidelines, not strict formulas.

Categories of Speaking Events

  • Maximum distance, formal, planned, no reciprocity: news broadcasts, speeches.
  • Medium distance, formality, some planning/spontaneity, some reciprocity, power relationship: presentations, job interviews, political debates.
  • Informal, spontaneous, reciprocity, affective issues: discussing films, dining/drinking with friends, deciding gifts.
  • Formal (varying degrees), transactional, formulaic: buying tickets, shopping, meeting someone new.

Characteristics of Speaking and Conversation

  • Speaking occurs in real-time, generally unplanned, and unpredictable.
  • Spoken content is often less dense than written communication.
  • Fluency allows language manipulation without perfect grammatical correctness.
  • Speaking includes unfinished thoughts, restructuring sentences, simultaneous speech, and listener participation cues ("Mm," "Oh").
  • Reformulation strategies enhance communication.
  • Requires listening skills, adherence to conversation conventions (culture-dependent), and body language use.
  • Speakers make real-time decisions to address communication issues.
  • Speaking can be transactional or interactional.

Student Problems in Speaking

  • Operating in real-time
  • Unpredictability of most speaking events
  • Structuring and conveying information, appropriate language use, and phonology
  • Effective listening skills
  • Vocabulary availability and appropriate use
  • Speaking pace
  • Intonation range
  • Sound articulation
  • Appropriate participation (interrupting, disagreeing)
  • Grammatical accuracy
  • Physical distance considerations

Speaking Development Across Language Teaching Approaches

  • Grammar-Translation method: speaking largely in the native language; focuses on translation exercises, reading aloud.
  • Audio-lingual method: drills focus on correct grammar, pronunciation, and word order, in decontextualized situations.
  • Communicative approach: emphasizes skill transfer for real communication; activities shift from controlled to freer expression tasks.
  • Task-Based Learning (TBL): learners identify needed language, tasks are often without pre-taught language, models often given with pre-task practice.

Accuracy and Fluency

  • Accuracy is traditionally measured against a native-speaker ideal, judging linguistic systems (grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation).
  • Appropriateness is a factor in accuracy.
  • Accuracy is an aspect of fluency, but not automatic or sufficient for fluency.
  • Fluency involves: understanding and manipulating appropriate language; responding to the message; adhering to spoken and conversational conventions; and using all these skillfully without undue hesitation (except for thinking).
  • Different perspectives on fluency exist; one emphasized fluency as production without undue pausing or hesitation, while another emphasized the length of an uninterrupted production run. A third view describes fluency as the ability a speaker has to communicate their message effectively and as intended.

Other Language Skills

  • Terms "accuracy" and "fluency" apply to other skills beside speaking.
  • A "fluent writer" produces coherent text naturally, while an "accurate listener/writer/reader" correctly identifies information and has few mistakes.

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Description

This quiz explores students' motivations when learning English, emphasizing the prioritization of speaking skills over grammatical and writing abilities. It discusses factors contributing to this disparity and the importance of a comprehensive understanding of fluency. The role of teachers in guiding communicative practice is also examined.

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