Student Feedback and Final Exam Prep

<p>They act as pacemakers and initiate slow waves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phasic contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow waves have no overshoot. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To observe the GI walls and take biopsies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Video capsule endoscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It avoids the need for sedation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It captures images continuously as it passes through the bowel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jejunum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To examine tissue samples in a lab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingestible bacterial-electronic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To sense nutrient composition and adjust pyloric opening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stimulate motor activity in the gastrointestinal tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indirect stimulation of the enteric nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electrical activity resulting from gastric slow waves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both central and peripheral nervous systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stimulate the vomiting center in the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves stimulation of the enteric nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It records magnetic fields of the stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular electrical activity during fasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Roughly double the diameter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shuttling content back and forth for fluid re-absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a clearing mechanism similar to the MMC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.5 meters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The motility of the esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can become infected (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal swallowing function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>18-27% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance visibility during x-ray imaging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X-ray fluoroscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokinetic agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To visualize the proportion of a radiolabeled meal in the stomach over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solid, liquid, or capsule forms of meals are suitable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time taken to reach maximum emptying rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They detect emitted gamma radiation to form images (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides three-dimensional images of gastric motility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The food is a solid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>k would increase; β would decrease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

GI organs contain smooth muscles, which contract involuntarily slower than skeletal muscles, with prolonged action potentials.

A type of smooth muscle contraction, characterized by fast and strong contractions, lasting seconds.

A type of smooth muscle contraction, characterized by slow, sustained contractions lasting minutes or hours.

Skeletal muscles' contractions are triggered by neural signals.

Pacemakers of the gut, initiating slow waves. Do not initiate action potentials.

Spontaneous rhythmic electrical signals in the GI tract, essential for movement (mixing, propulsion, pendular)

Different regions of the GI tract have varying ICC pacemaker frequencies (stomach3/minute, duodenum11-12/minute, etc.)

Mixing (segmentation), propulsion (peristalsis), and pendular movement are the main ways food moves through the GI tract.

The movement of material through the small intestine, including the migrating motor complex (MMC).

A regular cycle of electrical activity in the GI tract during fasting.

Includes stretch and contract, and pendular movements to mix and move digested food.

Approximately 6 cm (about twice the small intestine).

About 1.5 meters in humans

Smooth muscle cells, with some voluntary striated muscle in the anal sphincter

Content shuttled back and forth in the large intestine, reabsorbing fluids.

A clearing mechanism similar to the MMC (Migrating Motor Complex), moving contents aborally.

A medical procedure assessing the function and movement of the esophagus, often using a pressure-sensitive catheter.

A graphical representation of esophageal pressure changes over time, used to analyze esophageal motility and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function.

The arrow points to a relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in response to a swallow, indicating normal LES function.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, occurring when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) weakens, allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus.

Lifestyle changes, medications (to reduce stomach acid or enhance gut movement), and surgery (like the Linx device) are the main GERD treatment approaches.

A medical device implanted around the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to tighten it, limiting reflux and GERD.

A contrast agent used in x-ray fluoroscopy to visualize the digestive tract, making the organs visible on x-rays.

A medical imaging technique using x-rays over time to observe the movement and function of the digestive organs.

Different liquids empty from the stomach at different rates. Glucose solutions leave faster than protein solutions, while solids leave the slowest.

The stomach's emptying rate is controlled by downstream receptors that sense the chemical composition of its contents and send signals back to regulate the opening and closing of the pylorus.

Gastroparesis is a condition where the stomach empties food too slowly. This can cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and feeling full.

Prokinetic drugs stimulate enteric neurons to release more acetylcholine, which promotes smooth muscle contractions and faster stomach emptying.

Prokinetic drugs also stimulate receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the CNS, which can help reduce nausea and vomiting.

While the exact mechanism is unclear, the Enterra device may work by stimulating the ENS and vagus nerve, indirectly influencing the stomach's emptying rate.

EGG is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that records stomach electrical activity through skin electrodes. It helps identify the dominant frequency of slow waves in the stomach.

Magnetogastrography measures the magnetic field generated by the stomach's electrical activity. It's not yet used clinically.

A procedure that examines the large intestine using a flexible camera to view the lining and take biopsies. Used for cancer screening and detecting abnormalities.

A procedure to examine the upper digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) using a flexible camera to visualize the lining and take biopsies.

A procedure to examine the small intestine, often difficult to reach, using techniques like double-balloon endoscopy or video capsule endoscopy.

A non-invasive way to visualize the small intestine by swallowing a tiny camera pill that captures images as it travels through the digestive tract.

VCE allows access to the full length of the small intestine, is less invasive, and helps detect intermittent bleeding by capturing continuous images.

Techniques like ingestible capsules and genetically encoded bacteria sensing inflammation are used to detect bleeding in the digestive tract.

Bacteria engineered to respond to specific signals like inflammation, allowing for targeted detection and diagnosis of digestive issues.

Researchers who contributed to advancements in gastrointestinal bleeding detection using genetically encoded bacteria.

A diagnostic imaging technique that uses radioisotopes attached to a meal to visualize the stomach's emptying rate.

A mathematical equation used to quantify gastric emptying by describing the fraction of a meal remaining in the stomach over time.

'β' represents a parameter that depends on the type of food and the patient's gastric motility. It influences the shape of the gastric emptying curve.

'tlag' represents the time taken to reach maximum emptying rate for solids. It shows the delay before the stomach starts emptying effectively.

Quantifying gastric emptying helps understand how efficiently the stomach processes food and identify potential problems with motility.

Liquids empty from the stomach faster than solids, as indicated by the Siegel Model parameter 'β', which is less than 1 for liquids and greater than 1 for solids.

The pylorus is the muscular valve that controls the flow of food from the stomach into the small intestine.

Factors such as food type, gastric motility, and the presence of downstream receptors that sense the chemical composition of the stomach contents can all influence emptying rates.