Half-Life Assessment

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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which a radioactive atom changes into a stable daughter atom called?

  • Isotope formation
  • Decay (correct)
  • Half-life
  • Radiometric dating

Which instrument is used to detect the particles and energy emitted by decaying radioactive atoms?

  • Microwave
  • Spectroscope
  • Geiger counter (correct)
  • Thermometer

What is the half-life of the radioactive substance in the Gizmo activity described?

  • 20 seconds (correct)
  • 10 seconds
  • 30 seconds
  • 40 seconds

During the initial phase of decay, how does the rate of radioactive decay change?

<p>It is fastest at the beginning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As time progresses in the decay process, what happens to the number of radioactive atoms?

<p>It decreases steadily (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Gizmo, what occurs at the end of the decay process?

<p>Stable daughter atoms remain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the numbers of daughter atoms as the simulation in the Gizmo proceeds?

<p>They increase steadily (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a variant of an element with a different number of neutrons?

<p>Isotope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the half-life of a radioactive isotope represent?

<p>The time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can one find the exact half-life of an isotope using the simulation?

<p>By measuring the time for one-half of the radioactive atoms to decay. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to select Theoretical decay in the simulation?

<p>To obtain precise and predictable results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you expect happens to the number of radioactive atoms as the half-life increases?

<p>The number of radioactive atoms decreases at a slower rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data is typically recorded in the decay simulation table?

<p>The predicted and actual number of radioactive atoms over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general process to estimate the half-life from the graph of an isotope's decay?

<p>Finding the time at which half of the initial atoms have decayed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the half-life defined in terms of radioactive atoms?

<p>The time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to do before starting the simulation for measuring half-life?

<p>Reset the simulation to its initial state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which observation is expected when comparing decay curves for a half-life of 5 seconds versus 35 seconds?

<p>The 35-second curve should show more gradual decay than the 5-second curve. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes isotopes?

<p>Isotopes differ in their number of neutrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using a simulation experiment to observe radioactive decay?

<p>To illustrate how half-life affects decay over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the Half-life probe in the experiment?

<p>To measure the decay rate of radioactive materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When collecting data for radioactive decay, what trend should you observe in the number of radioactive atoms over time?

<p>The number should decline exponentially. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a sample starts with 100 radioactive atoms, how many would remain after two half-lives?

<p>25 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does each second represent in the Gizmo when modeling the decay of Carbon-14?

<p>1,000 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the simulation, what occurs to the daughter atoms as the number of radioactive atoms decreases?

<p>Daughter atoms increase as radioactive atoms decay. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the number of atoms present have on the measured half-life?

<p>It has no effect on the half-life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of Carbon-14?

<p>5,730 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to the average number of radioactive atoms after multiple trials of measuring them at different times?

<p>The average value may change based on the half-life setting and decay observed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method scientists use to determine the age of artifacts?

<p>Radiometric dating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a sample of Neanderthal skull has 3% of its original Carbon-14 atoms, how old might it be based on the half-life of Carbon-14?

<p>18,000 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome when running multiple trials using the Mystery half-life in the Gizmo?

<p>The half-life will vary with each trial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Radioactive Decay

A radioactive atom changes into a stable atom by emitting radiation. This process is random and occurs at a specific rate.

Half-life

A process where the number of radioactive atoms in a sample reduces by half over a specific time. It's a constant rate for a particular isotope.

Daughter Atom

A stable atom formed after a radioactive atom undergoes decay. It no longer emits radiation.

Geiger Counter

A device used to detect the presence of radiation emitted by radioactive atoms.

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Radiation

Tiny particles and/or energy released from a radioactive atom during decay.

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Do radioactive and daughter atoms change at the same rate during decay?

The number of radioactive atoms decreases by half with every half-life, while the number of daughter atoms doubles. This means they change at different rates.

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How does half-life affect decay rate?

The half-life determines how quickly or slowly a substance decays. A shorter Half-life means the substance decays faster, while a longer Half-life indicates slower decay.

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How does the data demonstrate the concept of half-life?

The data demonstrates the concept of half-life by showing that the number of radioactive atoms decreases by half every 10 seconds, which is the defined half-life in this simulation.

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What is a decay curve?

The decay curve is a graphical representation of how the number of radioactive atoms decreases over time. The shape of the curve depends on the half-life of the substance.

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Describe a decay curve for a substance with a short half-life.

A graph displaying the decreasing amount of radioactive atoms over time. It starts high and gradually slopes downwards, showing faster decay for shorter half-lives.

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Describe a decay curve for a substance with a long half-life.

A graph depicting the decreasing amount of radioactive atoms over time, but with a gentler slope than a short half-life. This means it takes longer for the substance to decay.

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Explain the relationship between radioactive atoms and half-life.

The number of radioactive atoms reduces by half during each half-life period. This reduction continues until the substance reaches a stable state with minimal radioactivity.

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What is a simulation of radioactive decay?

A simulation is a representation of a real-world phenomenon. In this case, it uses digital tools to illustrate radioactive decay and its properties.

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How does half-life affect the amount of radioactive atoms?

The number of radioactive atoms present in a sample decreases by half with every half-life.

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Parent Atom

The radioactive atom that undergoes a radioactive decay process. Its number decreases with time.

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Random decay

An experiment where you simulate radioactive decay by randomly selecting atoms to decay. This allows you to visualize the concept of half-life.

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Theoretical decay

A theoretical model of radioactive decay that allows you to observe the decay of a large sample of atoms based on the idea of half-life.

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Graph of radioactive decay

A plot that shows the change in the number of radioactive atoms over time. It provides a visual representation of the decay process.

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What is half-life?

The time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.

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Does the number of atoms affect half-life?

The number of atoms present does not affect the half-life of a radioactive substance. The half-life remains constant.

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What is radiometric dating?

Radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of fossils, rocks, and artifacts by comparing the amount of the radioactive isotope to its stable daughter product.

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What is carbon-14 dating?

Carbon-14 dating is a type of radiometric dating that uses the decay of carbon-14 to date organic materials.

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How long does it take for an object to lose 97% of its carbon-14?

It takes about 19,000 years for an object to lose 97% of its original carbon-14 content because the half-life of carbon-14 is approximately 5,730 years (roughly 6,000 years for simplification).

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How old is an object with 63% carbon-14 remaining?

An object with 63% carbon-14 remaining is approximately 4,000 years old. This is because it has gone through roughly two half-lives (6,000 years each) since it had 100% carbon-14.

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How old is an object with 22% carbon-14 remaining?

An object with 22% of its original carbon-14 content is approximately 15,000 years old. This is because it has gone through roughly three half-lives (6,000 years each) since it had 100% carbon-14.

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How old is an object with 79% carbon-14 remaining?

An object with 79% carbon-14 remaining is approximately 1,000 years old because it has gone through one half-life (6,000 years) since it had 100% carbon-14.

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Study Notes

Student Exploration: Half-life

  • Radioactive atoms decay, emitting radiation, changing into a stable daughter atom.
  • Decay rate is measured using a Geiger counter.
  • Half-life is the time it takes for half the radioactive atoms to decay.
  • Half-life affects the rate of decay; a shorter half-life results in faster decay.
  • Radioactive decay is used to date materials (radiometric dating).
  • Radioactive isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus.
  • The number of radioactive atoms decreases over time as they decay into daughter atoms at a constant rate.

Prior Knowledge Questions

  • Students are asked about their experience with microwave popcorn and the rate of popping.
  • This relates to how the decay of radioactive substances is similar and different to the predictable (but not uniform) rate of an event. The constant decay rate is a hallmark of radioactive substance decay.

Gizmo Warm-Up

  • Radioactive atoms decay at a predictable rate, changing into a stable isotope (daughter atom).
  • This decay is demonstrated through the emission of particles/energy.

Activity A: Decay Curves

  • Radioactive atoms decay at a constant rate
  • The number of radioactive atoms decreases while the number of daughter atoms increases.
  • In a constant rate of decay, the rate is not uniform over time, but the decay rate is constant for any chosen half-life
  • Experimentation with different half-life settings shows the relationship between the decay time and number of atoms (or rate of radioactive atoms decay).

Activity B: Measuring Half-life

  • Radioactive decay of an isotope can be measured in a Gizmo, (graphical example shown).
  • The half-life of an isotope can be determined by measuring the decay time.
  • Measuring the decay time shows the time it takes for one-half of the radioactive atoms to decay (one half-life).
  • The process is used to measure the age of materials.
  • Example calculation: a material containing 12.5% of original radioactive atoms is 2 half-lives = 94 years old.
  • Calculating the percentage of radioactive atoms remaining after each half-life can help to determine age.
  • Different isotopes of the same element have same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
  • Half-life is a constant rate.

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