Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of iodine deficiency in the diet?
Which type of thyroid hormone is synthesized by follicular cells?
What condition is characterized by protrusion of the eyeballs and weight loss due to hyperthyroidism?
What is one of the significant roles of thyroid hormones in the body?
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Which condition can result from hyperthyroidism in adults?
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What essential element is required for the normal synthesis of thyroid hormones?
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What is the effect of thyroid hormones on carbohydrate metabolism?
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What type of tissue interconnects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
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Study Notes
Thyroid Gland Structure
- The thyroid gland consists of two lobes located on either side of the trachea, connected by a thin flap of connective tissue called the isthmus.
- The gland is composed of follicles and stromal tissues.
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
- Thyroid follicles are composed of follicular cells that synthesize two hormones: tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
- Iodine is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid.
Effects of Iodine Deficiency
- Iodine deficiency in the diet results in hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly known as goitre.
- Hypothyroidism during pregnancy leads to defective development and maturation of the growing baby, causing stunted growth (cretinism), mental retardation, low intelligence quotient, abnormal skin, deaf-mutism, etc.
- In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause menstrual cycles to become irregular.
Hyperthyroidism
- Cancer or nodules of the thyroid gland can increase the rate of synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones to abnormal high levels, leading to hyperthyroidism.
- Exopthalmic goitre is a form of hyperthyroidism, characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyeballs, increased basal metabolic rate, and weight loss, also known as Graves' disease.
Functions of Thyroid Hormones
- Thyroid hormones regulate the basal metabolic rate.
- They support the process of red blood cell formation.
- They control the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- They influence the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance.
Thyrocalcitonin (TCT)
- The thyroid gland secretes a protein hormone called thyrocalcitonin (TCT), which regulates blood calcium levels.
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Description
This quiz covers the composition, location, and functions of the thyroid gland, including the synthesis of T3 and T4 hormones.
