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Questions and Answers
What defines a composite wall?
What defines a composite wall?
- A wall built entirely from lightweight trusses.
- A wall composed of two or more masonry materials that react together under load. (correct)
- A wall that uses a single masonry material throughout.
- A wall designed to withstand wind and seismic forces.
What is a continuous beam?
What is a continuous beam?
- A beam supported at only one point.
- A beam that is not attached to any supports.
- A beam supported at two points with flexibility.
- A beam supported at three or more points. (correct)
Which of the following describes a dead load?
Which of the following describes a dead load?
- The loads applied temporarily during construction.
- The weight of materials incorporated into a building. (correct)
- The dynamic forces acting on a structure.
- Forces caused by environmental conditions.
What is the role of a diaphragm floor?
What is the role of a diaphragm floor?
What is an eccentric load?
What is an eccentric load?
Which statement defines a fixed beam?
Which statement defines a fixed beam?
What is the primary function of hurricane bracing?
What is the primary function of hurricane bracing?
What characterizes a lightweight truss?
What characterizes a lightweight truss?
What does the term 'fire resistance' refer to?
What does the term 'fire resistance' refer to?
What is a gusset plate used for in a lightweight wood truss?
What is a gusset plate used for in a lightweight wood truss?
What is the primary function of an arch in construction?
What is the primary function of an arch in construction?
Which term refers to a structural member that supports a cantilever?
Which term refers to a structural member that supports a cantilever?
What does the term 'Btu' stand for in construction?
What does the term 'Btu' stand for in construction?
What characterizes a braced frame in structural engineering?
What characterizes a braced frame in structural engineering?
Which of the following accurately describes a cantilever beam?
Which of the following accurately describes a cantilever beam?
In terms of structural components, what is a 'column' primarily used for?
In terms of structural components, what is a 'column' primarily used for?
What is a built-up girder made of?
What is a built-up girder made of?
How is a cavity or hollow wall structured?
How is a cavity or hollow wall structured?
What do the terms 'top chord' and 'bottom chord' refer to in a truss?
What do the terms 'top chord' and 'bottom chord' refer to in a truss?
What is the purpose of a buttress in construction?
What is the purpose of a buttress in construction?
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Study Notes
Structural Elements and Their Functions
- Arches: Serve as a combination of beams and columns, transferring loads horizontally and vertically.
- Beam: A structural member that carries loads perpendicular to its length, transmitting forces to support points.
- Column: A vertical element designed to carry compressive loads, essential for structural integrity.
Load Types and Effects
- Axial Load: A load that is applied directly through the centroid of a section, acting perpendicular to the section’s plane.
- Dead Load: Refers to the static weight of a structure, encompassing all permanent components like walls, roofs, and built-in features.
- Concentrated Load: A load applied to a small area, contrasting with distributed loads that are spread over larger surfaces.
- Impact Load: The force applied to a structure due to moving loads, often relevant in assessing physical integrity under dynamic conditions.
Structural Systems and Components
- Braced Frame: Utilizes diagonal members for resistance against lateral forces such as wind and earthquakes, enhancing stability.
- Cantilever: A beam anchored at one end, extending outward without support on the opposite side.
- Joist and Bar Joist: Lightweight trusses used to support floors and ceilings, crucial in modern construction.
Materials and Walls
- Composite Wall: Constructed from different masonry materials that work together to handle loads effectively.
- Cavity or Hollow Wall: Consists of two wythes separated by an insulating space, promoting drainage and reducing moisture intrusion.
- Brick and Block Composite Wall: Features an outer layer of brick connected to an inner layer of concrete masonry units (CMUs).
Engineering Considerations
- Foundation: The critical base of a structure that transmits loads from the superstructure into the ground.
- Flitch Plate Girder: Combines steel and wood to create a strong, hybrid support beam system.
- Gravity Connection: Utilizes the building's weight for stability, relying on gravity for structural integrity.
Fire Safety and Resistance
- Fire Wall: Designed to prevent fire spread between connected structures, possessing specific fire-resistive ratings.
- Fire Resistance: Refers to a material's ability to withstand ignition and thermal effects associated with fires.
Additional Technical Terms
- K-P bracing: A bracing pattern resembling the letter "K" to enhance structural integrity between columns.
- Gang Nail: Also known as a gusset plate, used to connect wood truss components.
- Hurricane Bracing: Structural elements designed to prevent uplift during severe weather, emphasizing the importance of connection strength.
Measurement Units
- Btu (British Thermal Unit): Measures heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1°F.
- Kilojoule (kJ): A metric unit of energy, closely equivalent to one Btu, used in various engineering contexts.
- KIP: A unit of force equal to 1000 pounds, commonly found in civil engineering calculations.
Miscellaneous Concepts
- Camber: An upward curvature introduced in beams or trusses to counteract deflection under load.
- Deflection: The degree to which a structural element bends under applied loads, critical for assessing functionality and safety.
- Cross Wall: A wall built at right angles to primary walls, contributing to structural bracing capabilities.
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