Ch 22 pg 553-555

The way we avoid being caught in a collapse is to examine the structure ____, as well as its surrounding ____(most notably fire.) for indications that the building is losing its battle against ____.

These indications for collapse may be physically visible items, such as ___ in ___ or they could be ____ indicating movement, or they might be ____ such as a heavily loaded floor.

1. Occupancy by ____ business. Certain occupancies present unusually heavy floor loads plumbing supply, ____ dealerships and ____ shops. Other occupancies such as _____ car dealerships , bowling alleys and ____ tend to have ___ construction

2 ____. Of all other possible warning signs of collapse, there is only one more serious than the presence of ___ construction.— a structure that contains _____

Fire in ___ construction are probably going to become the fire problem of the __ century as the buildings of today begin to deteriorate

3._____ floors. ____ equipment, ____ absorbent stock and built up ____ are all prime indicators of potential collapse

4. Heavy fire burning more than __ minutes. Remember that the __ minute rule doesn’t begin on your arrival, but rather when the fire reaches open, ____ stage or ____.

Remember that even _ minutes may be too long for lightweight construction. Which may mean no entry at all if your response time approaches __ or_ minutes. All of these time limits depends as well on actual ____ of ____

5. No appreciable ____. All of that water is collecting somewhere. You better find out where

6. Crack and ____ in ____. Pay special attention to cracks that are expanding or ____. To tell if cracks are expanding use several pieces of ___ to mark the current ends of the crack

7. ____ or ___ seeping through a solid ___ ___. These indicate a buildup of pressure on the interior as well as a weakness in the wall construction

8. The ___ pulling away from the ___. This may be evidenced by relatively clean wood on the ends of ___ that were set into the wall or by ___ in the roofing material at the wall joint

9. The roof ___ or feeling abnormally ___ or spongy. Obvious sagging of floors or roofs is one of the ___ warning signs before collapse. ____ however can be a natrual condition on some types of roofs, particularly inverted roofs

10. Any ____ movement of floors, walls or roofs. Again it may be too late to reach safety once these signs are noted. Pay attention to the earlier warning signs, such as the type of ____, and the ____ and extent of the fire.

11. Noises. ____ or ____ sounds are often heard in wooden buildings as movement occurs. Cracking ____ may also be audible. Deep rumbling noises may sometimes be heard accompanying ____ collapses in remote areas of the structure

12. Plaster ____ off walls of plaster ___ hanging in the air.

If plaster dust is in an area that has otherwise been untouched. suspect that ___ movement of the structure is taking place. This may be further indicated by ____ that suddenly crack on their own or ___ that swing by themselves

This window and door movement is prevalent in class _ construction ___ frame buildings

Avoid Collapse

Collapse Indicators

Problem Occupancies

High-Risk Construction

21st Century Fire Problem

Overloaded Floors

20-Minute Rule

No Runoff

Expanding Cracks

Seeping Through Walls

Roof Separation

Sagging Roof

Obvious Movement

Warning Noises

Sliding Plaster

Plaster Dust

Erratic Door/Window Movement

Wood Frame Buildings