Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a thrombotic stroke?
What is a thrombotic stroke?
Which of the following is a common post-stroke presentation in a left hemispheric stroke?
Which of the following is a common post-stroke presentation in a left hemispheric stroke?
What does TIA stand for and how does it differ from a CVA?
What does TIA stand for and how does it differ from a CVA?
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to stroke?
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to stroke?
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What is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?
What is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?
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Which of the following describes sundowning?
Which of the following describes sundowning?
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What is the primary cause of cerebral hemorrhage?
What is the primary cause of cerebral hemorrhage?
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Which symptom is associated with acquired brain injury?
Which symptom is associated with acquired brain injury?
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What percentage of individuals can achieve 85% of their age-predicted max heart rate after a stroke?
What percentage of individuals can achieve 85% of their age-predicted max heart rate after a stroke?
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What is a common emotional disturbance observed in post-stroke patients?
What is a common emotional disturbance observed in post-stroke patients?
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Which of the following is a common effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication skills?
Which of the following is a common effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication skills?
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What is one potential intervention to prevent a CVA recurrence?
What is one potential intervention to prevent a CVA recurrence?
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What is a possible explanation for the phenomenon of sundowning?
What is a possible explanation for the phenomenon of sundowning?
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What is one way to potentially decrease restlessness or wandering throughout the day?
What is one way to potentially decrease restlessness or wandering throughout the day?
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Which of the following is NOT a common sign of Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a common sign of Parkinson's disease?
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Which factor is associated with a higher risk of developing Parkinson's disease?
Which factor is associated with a higher risk of developing Parkinson's disease?
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What type of amnesia refers to a lack of memory for events occurring immediately prior to a head injury?
What type of amnesia refers to a lack of memory for events occurring immediately prior to a head injury?
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What is the typical duration recommended for taking off from sports or work following a concussion?
What is the typical duration recommended for taking off from sports or work following a concussion?
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In which stage of Parkinson's disease is the individual likely to experience balance impairment?
In which stage of Parkinson's disease is the individual likely to experience balance impairment?
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Which treatment option focuses on increasing dopamine levels for Parkinson's disease management?
Which treatment option focuses on increasing dopamine levels for Parkinson's disease management?
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What is a unique characteristic of Second Impact Syndrome?
What is a unique characteristic of Second Impact Syndrome?
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What is a common long-term symptom experienced after a concussion?
What is a common long-term symptom experienced after a concussion?
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What is the primary cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
What is the primary cause of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
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Which symptom is typically NOT associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Which symptom is typically NOT associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
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What is a common early symptom of Huntington's Disease?
What is a common early symptom of Huntington's Disease?
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What is the characteristic onset age range for Huntington's Disease?
What is the characteristic onset age range for Huntington's Disease?
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Study Notes
Stroke and Brain Injury
- Temporary or permanent effects from a stroke include motor, perceptual, cognitive, sensory, and emotional disturbances.
- A thrombotic stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain, depriving brain tissue of oxygen.
- An embolic stroke involves a fatty plaque or blood clot that travels from elsewhere in the body and obstructs a brain artery.
- A cerebral hemorrhage results from a break in a blood vessel in the brain, causing bleeding.
- Contributing factors for stroke include age, stress, past medical history, and smoking.
- Other risk factors consist of abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and smoking.
- CVA (cerebrovascular accident) is a non-temporary blood flow interruption in the brain, leading to likely permanent neurological deficits.
- TIA (transient ischemic attack) is a temporary interruption of blood flow, resulting in no permanent deficits.
- Post-CVA presentations vary by hemisphere; left-sided strokes lead to right-side paralysis and communication issues; right-sided strokes cause left-side paralysis and impulsive behavior.
- Common post-stroke effects include vision problems, dysphagia, impaired memory, facial control loss, incontinence, and emotional disturbances.
- Preventing CVA recurrence may involve surgery, controlling hypertension, anticoagulant medication, treating predisposing conditions, and early initiation of therapy.
- Recognizing stroke through the acronym F.A.S.T.: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, and Time to call emergency services.
Acquired Brain Injury
- Acquired brain injuries can occur due to head trauma and typically affect individuals aged 15-30.
- Signs include subarachnoid bleeding, increased intracranial pressure, and brain cell death.
- Symptoms may present as vomiting, confusion, drowsiness, paralysis, pupil dilation, and mood changes.
- Long-term effects include paralysis, sensory disturbances, aphasia, cognitive issues, and emotional disturbances.
Effects on Exercise Response
- Aerobic capacity decreases significantly, and only 24% achieve normal heart rate levels.
- Individuals experience quicker fatigue and decreased endurance, impacting functionality.
Alzheimer's Disease
- A progressive neurological disorder leading to cognitive impairments and is the most common cause of dementia.
- Nerve cells degenerating results in intellectual decline and affects approximately 1 in 11 over age 65.
- Symptoms include cognitive decline, balance issues, communication difficulty, mood changes, and anxiety.
- Disease progression consists of forgetfulness, confusion, severe cognitive impairments, and agitation.
Sundowning
- Characterized by increased confusion and agitation in the late day, impacting quality of life.
- Causes include fatigue, low lighting, sleep disruption, and limited afternoon activity.
- Responses involve ensuring rest, avoiding overstimulation, and maintaining a structured routine.
Effects of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's
- Regular exercise can improve physical fitness, mood, and cognitive function, slowing cognitive decline.
Parkinson's Disease
- A progressive disorder influenced by dopamine deficiency, affecting approximately 1.5 million people.
- Risk factors include age (40-70), head injuries, genetic predisposition, and certain occupational exposures.
- Signs include rigidity, shuffling gait, masked facial expressions, resting tremors, and speech changes.
- Progressive stages from one-sided symptoms to wheelchair-bound conditions are identified in the Hoehn and Yahr scale.
Concussion
- A form of traumatic brain injury caused by external force, leading to rapid movement of the brain.
- Symptoms manifest as headaches, confusion, dizziness, amnesia, and potential neck pain.
- Recovery guidelines have evolved from prolonged rest to gradual cognitive stimulation.
- Prolonged effects may include mood changes, sleep disturbances, and balance issues.
Neurological Disorders
- Common disorders include Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ALS, CVA, SCI, and ABI.
- MS is characterized by demyelination leading to various physical and cognitive impairments; it has no identifiable cause.
- Huntington's disease is hereditary, causing brain region-specific cell death, leading to uncontrolled movement and cognitive decline.
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
- Characterized by motor neuron degeneration, impacting voluntary muscle control.
- Affects primarily individuals aged 40-70 years; 3,000 Canadians currently live with ALS.
- Symptoms progress from muscle weakness to complete loss of movement, with little cognitive function loss.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- The highest MS rate is found in Canada, affecting over 90,000 people.
- MS types include relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, secondary progressive, and progressive-relapsing.
- Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing exacerbations using medications and therapies.
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Description
Explore the key concepts surrounding strokes and brain injuries. This quiz covers types of strokes, effects on brain function, risk factors, and the distinctions between temporary and permanent neurological deficits. Test your understanding of cerebrovascular accidents and their impact on health.
