Stroke and ACE Inhibitors Quiz

<p>It can result in potassium retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periodically as advised (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms resolve within minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining airway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemorrhagic stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent further clot formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Return to normal vital signs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Must be given within 3 hours of symptom onset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trouble speaking or understanding speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry mouth and lips (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To divert intestinal contents outside the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-fiber diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic incision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use cold packs to reduce swelling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encourage passive range-of-motion exercises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-fiber diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 3-5 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 glasses of water per day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use mild soap and water for cleaning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent dizziness and lightheadedness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent cerebral vasospasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performing suctioning procedures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased thirst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active range-of-motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arrange the environment within their visual field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient consumes recommended dietary intake without aspiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular turning and positioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exacerbates brain damage and inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A blood clot blocking an artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broca's aphasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crackles or gurgling sounds on respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manage diabetes effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate nutrition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote regular and complete bowel evacuation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tracking daily weight gain and urine output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorporate thickened liquids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening trouble swallowing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent range-of-motion exercises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ginger supplements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coughing or choking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burning pain occurring 1-2 hours after meals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Head elevated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engaging in conversation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soft, pureed foods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe and worsening pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular blood monitoring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe impairment in both expression and comprehension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anomic aphasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterial ulcers are painful and occur on toes/feet. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wound infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining a healthy weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venous limbs are warm and edematous. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold temperatures and stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sclerotherapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Do you experience pain or swelling in the affected limb? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain occurs with exercise and is relieved by rest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Practice stress management techniques. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observe the IV site for phlebitis or extravasation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding deep breathing exercises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wearing compression stockings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High risk for injury due to severe vertigo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing attacks and minimizing tissue damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lying down at the first signs of dizziness can be beneficial. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alport syndrome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age-related hearing loss that occurs gradually. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical incision in the tympanic membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hearing loss and possibly brain abscess. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic BP 130-139 mmHg. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased intake of potassium-rich foods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tremors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constipation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced immunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase sodium intake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor for ankle swelling and elevate legs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Percussion of the abdomen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact with infected body fluids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unexplained weight loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic predisposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drowsiness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying precancerous changes in the cervix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eat a high-fiber diet before the procedure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limit time spent near the patient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory compromise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatitis D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to carcinogens like chemicals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consult with a radiation safety officer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stop the infusion but keep the IV line in place. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advanced HIV/AIDS includes a significant decline in immune function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To treat serious bacterial infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angle-closure glaucoma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transcribes RNA into DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instruct the patient to avoid raw foods. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe eye pain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the risk of infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promptly report symptoms and treat as an emergency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of peripheral vision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A thorough account of the extravasation event. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory symptoms and pneumonia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blurriness in straight-ahead vision. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrotoxicity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke is caused by a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to damage or death of brain tissue.

Numbness, weakness, or paralysis on one side of the body (face, arm, leg) indicates injury to the opposite side of the brain.

Confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech suggests injury to the brain's language areas.

Vision problems like blindness in one or both eyes point to injury in the occipital lobe or optic nerve areas.

Loss of balance, dizziness, or lack of coordination implies injury to the cerebellum.

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain that resolves within 24 hours, often within minutes.

Warfarin (Coumadin) is prescribed to prevent further blood clots from forming and reducing the risk of another stroke.

A complete stroke occurs when there are no further signs and symptoms of neurological symptoms and vital signs return to normal.

Certain medications, like ACE inhibitors, can potentially reduce immunity by lowering levels of substances that activate white blood cells. This makes individuals more susceptible to infections.

Patients taking ACE inhibitors should practice good hygiene, avoid crowds during flu season, stay up-to-date on vaccinations, and promptly report any signs of infection.

Salt substitutes, like those containing potassium chloride, can be helpful for patients on a sodium-restricted diet but should be used cautiously in individuals with kidney disease or those taking medications that can cause potassium retention.

Suitable salt substitutes for sodium-restricted diets include herbs, spices, lemon juice, and salt-free seasoning blends. They can add flavor without excess sodium.

It's important to consult a doctor or dietitian before using salt substitutes, as individual needs may vary based on health conditions and medications.

A blood clot that blocks an artery, leading to reduced blood flow to the affected area.

Medications that prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger.

Medications that dissolve existing blood clots.

Changes in lifestyle to reduce the risk of developing new blood clots.

Worsening pain, numbness, discoloration, or cold sensation in the affected area.

Keeping the head of the bed elevated to reduce the risk of aspiration.

Thickening liquids to make them easier to swallow and prevent aspiration.

Techniques like chin tuck, head turn, and double swallow to improve swallowing.

Changes in diet to make it easier to swallow and prevent aspiration.

Ginger may increase the risk of bleeding, especially when taken with blood thinners.

A disorder where the esophageal muscle doesn't relax properly, making it hard for food to pass into the stomach.

A condition that causes frequent and uncomfortable bowel movements, often with gas, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation.

Foods that trigger IBS symptoms in an individual.

Gradually increasing fiber intake with foods like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

Treating severe diarrhea for two weeks or more.

A severe language disorder affecting both speech production and comprehension abilities.

Difficulty finding the right words to express oneself, while understanding speech and speaking fluently.

Trouble repeating words or phrases, although understanding and speaking are generally intact.

A broad term encompassing rare types of aphasia linked to damage in brain pathways connecting language centers with other areas.

A condition where the blood clots in a vein, usually in the legs.

Pain experienced during walking or exercise that subsides with rest, common in peripheral arterial disease.

Open sores that develop on the skin, typically around the ankles, often associated with poor venous blood flow.

Open sores found on bony prominences such as toes or feet, characteristic of impaired arterial blood flow.

Enlarged, twisted veins, often occurring in the legs, resulting from weakened vein valves and poor blood flow.

A procedure to close off varicose veins by injecting a solution into them.

A minimally invasive treatment for varicose veins using heat to seal them off.

A surgical procedure involving tying off and removing varicose veins.

A condition characterized by episodes of restricted blood flow to the fingers or toes, triggered by cold temperatures or stress.

The process of preventing attacks, minimizing tissue damage, and slowing the progression of Raynaud's syndrome.

The nurse is caring for a patient with an arterial embolism. The patient is likely to have had a clot that traveled from another location and blocked an artery. This can cause significant pain and loss of circulation. The nurse should educate the patient about the importance of preventing future embolisms and following their doctor's orders for treatment.

A visual field defect where the same half of the visual field in both eyes is impaired or blind. It often occurs after a stroke affecting the optic tract, optic radiation, or occipital lobe.

Nimodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to prevent cerebral vasospasm following an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. It is typically administered orally every 4 hours for 21 days, starting within 96 hours of the hemorrhage.

Range-of-motion (ROM) exercises are an effective intervention to promote and maintain joint mobility. Types include active, active-assisted, and passive ROM.

During the acute phase, arrange the environment within the patient's remaining visual field, such as placing food trays on the unaffected side. Later phases involve teaching compensatory techniques like scanning the affected side.

An outcome criterion for a patient with inadequate nutrition related to dysphagia, with the goal of adequate intake of nutrients, would be: "Patient consumes recommended dietary intake via prescribed diet texture and fluid consistency without signs of aspiration over the next 3 days."

In the rehabilitation phase, teach families how to safely position and turn the patient to prevent pressure ulcers and contractures. Demonstrate proper positioning aids and turning schedules.

Teach families how to perform active, active-assisted, and passive ROM exercises to maintain joint mobility and prevent contractures.

Teach families about bowel and bladder training programs to regain continence, including timed voiding schedules and bowel routines.

Teach families safe swallowing and feeding techniques if dysphagia is present. Demonstrate proper food and fluid consistencies and safe feeding strategies.

Teach families how to assist with mobility and transfer training to improve independence with activities of daily living. Instruct on proper body mechanics and equipment use.

Teach families about medication management, especially for new medications started during rehabilitation. Discuss potential side effects and importance of adherence.

Teach families about home environment modifications needed for safety and accessibility upon discharge. Discuss adaptations for mobility, bathroom access, and potential hazards.

Provide families with encouragement and celebrate small achievements during the rehabilitation journey. Stress the importance of patience as recovery can be slow.

Hyperglycemia is a condition associated with stroke because the stroke can trigger a stress response, leading to increased release of hormones that promote hyperglycemia. It can also be an indication of undiagnosed diabetes. Hyperglycemia can worsen brain damage and is a common risk factor.

The main types of aphasia are Broca's aphasia, where speech production is impaired but comprehension is relatively preserved, and Wernicke's aphasia, where comprehension is impaired but speech production may be fluent but nonsensical.

Fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity, often associated with liver disease.

Assessing the abdomen using visual inspection, listening to sounds, tapping for tones, and feeling for abnormalities.

Measuring the circumference of the abdomen to track fluid accumulation.

A change in sound when tapping the abdomen, depending on the density of the underlying tissue.

Inflammation of the liver caused by various viruses.

Transmitted through contaminated food or water, causing acute infection.

Transmitted through infected blood, semen, or other body fluids, can cause acute or chronic infection.

Primarily transmitted through infected blood, less commonly through sexual contact, often leads to chronic infection.

Only occurs in individuals already infected with Hepatitis B, transmitted the same ways, can lead to more severe liver disease.

Transmitted through contaminated water or food, causes acute, self-limiting infection.

A screening test for precancerous changes in the cervix.

A procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the colon to examine the lining.

A clear liquid diet for 24-48 hours before the test.

A class of antibiotics including erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin.

Adverse effects like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

Decreased urine output, dark yellow urine, dry mouth, lips and mucous membranes, sunken eyes, poor skin turgor, dizziness, lightheadedness, fatigue, headache, muscle cramps or weakness, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, confusion or irritability, especially in elderly.

Surgical opening into the ileum (end of small intestine) to divert intestinal contents out of the body. Performed when colon or rectum is removed due to conditions like IBD, cancer, or trauma.

Liquid fecal matter that exits the body through an Ileostomy opening.

Low-fiber diet, lack of exercise, obesity, smoking, certain medications like NSAIDs and opioids, and a family history of the condition.

An abdominal incision, an incision for creating the colostomy, and a perineal incision

Soak in a tub of warm water 2-3 times per day for 15-20 minutes to promote healing and relieve pain/itching.

Drink plenty of fluids, eat high-fiber foods, use stool softeners (if recommended), avoid straining during bowel movements.

Keep the anal area clean by gently patting after bowel movements, use fragrance-free wipes or pads if needed.

Increasing dietary fiber from fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans, drinking adequate fluids (at least 8 glasses per day), encouraging regular exercise and responding promptly to the urge to have a bowel movement.

Encourage active or passive range-of-motion exercises, assist with turning the patient every 2 hours, provide adequate nutrition and increase fluids, use pressure relief devices, perform frequent skin assessments, administer stool softeners or laxatives, encourage active movement of unaffected extremities, implement isometric exercises, promote comfort measures.

Fluid restrictions may be beneficial if they are experiencing ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity) or peripheral edema (swelling in the legs, feet, or other areas).

The liver's impaired ability to synthesize certain proteins that regulate fluid balance.

The process of removing waste from the digestive system by making a new opening (stoma) that connects the ileum to the abdominal wall.

The liquid feces that come out of an ileostomy.

A chronic inner ear disorder causing episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of ear pressure or fullness.

Ménière's disease can cause severe vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and sudden 'drop attacks', increasing the risk of falls and injuries.

Sit or lie down at the first sign of dizziness; Avoid activities like swimming or climbing; Create a safe environment by removing tripping hazards. Adherence to vestibular exercises can help improve balance.

An inherited disorder that leads to progressive hearing loss, especially in young women, often worsening during pregnancy.

Age-related hearing loss that gradually worsens over time, primarily affecting high-frequency sounds and speech understanding.

A surgical procedure where a small incision is made in the eardrum to allow fluid drainage from the middle ear. Tubes are often inserted to maintain aeration and prevent fluid buildup.

A non-cancerous skin cyst that develops in the middle ear, expanding and putting pressure on surrounding structures.

Stage 1: Systolic BP 130-139 mmHg or Diastolic BP 80-89 mmHg. Stage 2: Systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or Diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg. Diagnosis requires two or more elevated readings taken at two or more office visits.

Loop diuretics like furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide can cause low potassium (hypokalemia) and low sodium (hyponatremia).

To address hypokalemia (low potassium), eat potassium-rich foods like bananas, oranges, tomatoes, spinach, and potatoes.

Beta-blockers can mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia, making it difficult to detect low blood sugar levels. They can also cause hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, complicating diabetes management.

Beta-blockers can cause dizziness, fatigue, and orthostatic hypotension, increasing the risk of falls, especially in older individuals.

Verapamil can cause constipation, dizziness, peripheral edema (swelling), bradycardia (slow heartbeat), and gingival hyperplasia (gum overgrowth).

ACE inhibitors can have adverse effects that may reduce immunity.

Assess the implant site, vital signs, and monitor for complications such as bleeding or infection. Provide supportive care as needed. Adhering to proper safety measures protects staff and visitors.

Immediately stop the infusion, keep the IV line in place, attempt to aspirate any remaining vesicant, notify the physician for an antidote order, apply warm compresses, elevate the affected limb, monitor the site, and document the event.

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that transcribes HIV's single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded DNA, allowing viral genetic material to integrate into the host cell's DNA.

The most infectious stage of HIV, characterized by flu-like symptoms occurring 2-4 weeks after initial infection.

A period of latency (2-12 years) where the virus becomes inactive but is still present. The CD4 count gradually declines.

The most severe stage of HIV, with a CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3, leading to opportunistic infections and cancers, severely compromising the immune system.

The most severe stage of HIV with opportunistic illnesses, wasting syndrome, and potential for premature death without effective treatment.

A butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and bridge of the nose, accompanied by fatigue, fever, joint pain, muscle pain, photosensitivity rashes, oral/nasal ulcers, hair loss, anemia, low platelet/white blood cell counts, and potential inflammation of vital organs.

A low neutrophil count, putting the patient at risk of infection due to an impaired immune response.

Strict hand hygiene, avoiding potential sources of infection, promptly treating any signs of infection, using medications to boost neutrophil production, monitoring temperature closely, and instructing the patient on avoiding crowds, sick contacts, raw foods.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic gram-negative bacteria that commonly infects immunocompromised patients, especially those with leukemia due to neutropenia.

Cloudy or blurry vision, faded colors, poor night vision, halos around lights, double vision, spots or ghost images, and floaters. The pattern depends on the location and maturity of the cataract.

More common, resulting from increased IOP due to impaired drainage of aqueous humor. Minimal symptoms until significant vision loss, with gradual loss of peripheral vision first.

Less common but more acute and dangerous, occurring when the iris blocks the drainage angle, rapidly increasing IOP. Symptoms include eye pain, nausea, halos around lights, and sudden vision loss.

An aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections.

Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity (hearing loss, tinnitus), and neuromuscular blockade.

Monitor the patient's renal function closely, as Gentamicin sulfate can cause nephrotoxicity.