Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term used to describe the ability to ignore a stressful sound over time?
What is the term used to describe the ability to ignore a stressful sound over time?
- Stress resilience
- Habituation (correct)
- Psychophysiological response
- Stress adaptation
Which of the following is a characteristic that increases the likelihood of perceiving an event as stressful?
Which of the following is a characteristic that increases the likelihood of perceiving an event as stressful?
- Predictability
- Sense of control
- Lack of control (correct)
- Familiarity
What is the term used to describe the study of the relationship between the mind and body in medicine?
What is the term used to describe the study of the relationship between the mind and body in medicine?
- Psychopharmacology
- Mind-body medicine
- Psychophysiologic medicine (correct)
- Psychophysiology
Which of the following is an example of a sudden stressor?
Which of the following is an example of a sudden stressor?
What is the term used to describe the response to a threatening or harmful situation?
What is the term used to describe the response to a threatening or harmful situation?
Which of the following is a factor that influences how stressful we perceive an event to be?
Which of the following is a factor that influences how stressful we perceive an event to be?
What is the term used to describe the approach that considers psychological factors in disease states?
What is the term used to describe the approach that considers psychological factors in disease states?
Which of the following is an example of an ambiguous stressor?
Which of the following is an example of an ambiguous stressor?
What is the likely outcome if an organism is unable to develop strategies to overcome or cope with stress?
What is the likely outcome if an organism is unable to develop strategies to overcome or cope with stress?
What happens to digestion during the body's response to stress?
What happens to digestion during the body's response to stress?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to stress?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to stress?
What is the effect of stress on the immune system?
What is the effect of stress on the immune system?
Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as being affected by stress?
Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as being affected by stress?
What is the result of the activation of the autonomic nervous system in response to stress?
What is the result of the activation of the autonomic nervous system in response to stress?
What is the function of clotting agents released in the blood during the body's response to stress?
What is the function of clotting agents released in the blood during the body's response to stress?
What is the ultimate result of the release of cortisol due to stress?
What is the ultimate result of the release of cortisol due to stress?
What is the primary consequence of experiencing high levels of stress in a patient's life?
What is the primary consequence of experiencing high levels of stress in a patient's life?
According to the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Scale, what event is associated with the highest level of stress?
According to the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Scale, what event is associated with the highest level of stress?
What percentage of patients with an SRRS score of 300 points in a given year are likely to become ill during the next year?
What percentage of patients with an SRRS score of 300 points in a given year are likely to become ill during the next year?
Which of the following is an example of a maladaptive personality style?
Which of the following is an example of a maladaptive personality style?
What is the primary focus of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?
What is the primary focus of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?
Which of the following is an example of poor health behavior?
Which of the following is an example of poor health behavior?
What is the correlation between the need for social readjustment and the risk of medical and psychiatric illness?
What is the correlation between the need for social readjustment and the risk of medical and psychiatric illness?
According to the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Scale, which event has a relative stressfulness score of 73?
According to the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Scale, which event has a relative stressfulness score of 73?
What is the result of increased synthesis of brain norepinephrine?
What is the result of increased synthesis of brain norepinephrine?
What happens to testosterone levels with prolonged stress?
What happens to testosterone levels with prolonged stress?
What is the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the endocrine response to stress?
What is the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the endocrine response to stress?
According to the theories, what is the result of prolonged stress on immune function?
According to the theories, what is the result of prolonged stress on immune function?
What is the effect of stress on thyroid hormone turnover?
What is the effect of stress on thyroid hormone turnover?
What is the result of increased dopaminergic transmission in response to stress?
What is the result of increased dopaminergic transmission in response to stress?
What is the theory that states that each person has a genetically vulnerable organ to stress?
What is the theory that states that each person has a genetically vulnerable organ to stress?
What is the result of increased serotonin turnover in response to stress?
What is the result of increased serotonin turnover in response to stress?
What is the primary consequence of stress on the body, according to George Engel?
What is the primary consequence of stress on the body, according to George Engel?
What is the primary function of the neuroregulatory mechanisms in the stressed state?
What is the primary function of the neuroregulatory mechanisms in the stressed state?
What is the primary role of cortisol in the context of stress?
What is the primary role of cortisol in the context of stress?
According to Walter Cannon, what is the primary consequence of stress on the autonomic nervous system?
According to Walter Cannon, what is the primary consequence of stress on the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary characteristic of the denial stage in the process of dying, according to Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross?
What is the primary characteristic of the denial stage in the process of dying, according to Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross?
What is the primary characteristic of the depression stage in the process of dying, according to Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross?
What is the primary characteristic of the depression stage in the process of dying, according to Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross?
What is the primary difference between grief and mourning?
What is the primary difference between grief and mourning?
What is the primary consequence of becoming 'stuck' in the depression stage of the dying process?
What is the primary consequence of becoming 'stuck' in the depression stage of the dying process?
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Study Notes
Stress and Health
- If stress is prolonged or repeated, an organism may enter the exhaustion stage, characterized by wear and tear on body tissues, increased susceptibility to disease, and depletion of adaptive energy.
- If an organism is unable to develop coping strategies, serious illness or death may result.
Physiological Responses to Stress
- Heart rate and blood pressure increase to prepare for strenuous physical activity
- Digestion slows or ceases to divert blood to other organs
- Breathing rate accelerates to provide more oxygen to the bloodstream
- Muscles tense in preparation for an emergency response
- Perspiration increases to cool the body
- Clotting agents are released in the blood to prevent blood loss in case of injury
Mechanisms of Physiologic Effects of Stress
- Activation of the autonomic nervous system affects cardiovascular and respiratory systems
- Altered levels of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine) lead to changes in mood and behavior
- Release of adrenocorticotropic hormone leads to the release of cortisol, resulting in depression of the immune system
Factors That Contribute to Stress
- Lack of control: uncontrollable or unpredictable events are more stressful than controllable or predictable ones
- Suddenness: sudden events are more stressful than gradual ones
- Ambiguity: ambiguous stressors induce more stress than clear-cut ones
Stress and Psychosomatic Medicine
- Psychosomatic medicine studies the unity of mind and body in disease states
- Psychological factors can initiate or exacerbate symptoms of medical disorders
- Stressful life events can increase the likelihood of medical and psychiatric illness
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
- Ranks life events by their stressfulness, with higher scores indicating greater need for social readjustment
- Events with high scores increase the risk of medical and psychiatric illness
Magnitude of Stress Associated with Selected Life Events
- Very high: death of a spouse, divorce, major personal loss of health
- High: marital separation, major loss of health of a close family member, birth or adoption of a child
- Moderate: assuming major debt, promotion or demotion at work, child leaving home
- Low: changing residence, vacation, major holiday
Other Psychosomatic Relationships
- Divorce: increased synthesis of brain norepinephrine
- Death of a close family member: increased serotonin turnover may result in eventual depletion of serotonin
- Serious personal injury or illness: increased dopaminergic transmission
- Fired from work: increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortisol
- Death of a close friend: testosterone decrease with prolonged stress
- Pregnancy: decrease in thyroid hormone
- Business readjustment: immune response involves release of hormonal immune factors (cytokines)
Theories
- Stress factors: prolonged stress can cause physiologic changes resulting in physical disorder
- Neurotransmitter response: stress activates noradrenergic system, releasing catecholamines and serotonin
- Endocrine response: corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is secreted from hypothalamus, releasing cortisol
- Immune response: stress is a major factor in physical illnesses, depressing the body's homeostatic mechanisms
Stages of Dying and Death
- According to Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross, the process of dying involves five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
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