Stress Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What best describes the primary difference between Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD?

  • ASD symptoms last longer than PTSD symptoms.
  • ASD is diagnosed when symptoms last less than a month. (correct)
  • PTSD occurs exclusively after interpersonal trauma.
  • PTSD is a short-term response to trauma.

Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for developing PTSD?

  • Duration of trauma exposure.
  • Family history of schizophrenia. (correct)
  • Severe trauma experienced.
  • Poor coping mechanisms.

Which symptom is associated with depersonalization?

  • Visual and auditory hallucinations.
  • Constant reliving of traumatic events.
  • Feeling detached from one’s own body. (correct)
  • Intense avoidance of reminders of trauma.

What is characterized by a 'dreamlike' sense of surroundings?

<p>Derealization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes chronic hyperarousal?

<p>Heightened startle response and insomnia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment methods are primarily used for trauma-related disorders?

<p>Exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom might be experienced as a result of survival guilt or shame?

<p>Reckless, impulsive behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism commonly leads to the bodily damage associated with Bulimia Nervosa?

<p>Repeated self-induced vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Two P's' of Anorexia Nervosa?

<p>Powerlessness &amp; Perfectionism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly increases the likelihood of developing Anorexia Nervosa?

<p>Being a competitive athlete (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the outcomes of treatment for Bulimia Nervosa?

<p>Long-term treatment is typically successful, with recovery rates between 70-90%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common physical cost associated with Binge Eating Disorder?

<p>Early mortality due to cardiovascular issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a key difference between psychopathy and sociopathy?

<p>Sociopathy is influenced more by upbringing than personality traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

<p>Pervasive disregard for others' rights. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is associated with the disorganized thinking seen in schizophrenia?

<p>Loose associations or derailment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the treatment approach for individuals with psychopathic traits?

<p>Incarceration as the only evidence-based treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT commonly associated with successful psychopaths?

<p>High emotional attachment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Brief Psychotic Disorder is correct?

<p>It is often triggered by stress or trauma. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurobiological factors play in psychopathy?

<p>Prefrontal cortex deficits impair impulse control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the chronic deteriorative mental illness referred to in the early description of schizophrenia?

<p>Dementia Praecox. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the emotional regulation strategies used in therapy?

<p>Distress tolerance helps recognize current situations calmly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is generally observed in patients with positive symptom-predominant schizophrenia?

<p>Better prognosis over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential risk factor for violence in individuals with schizophrenia?

<p>Presence of comorbid conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does THC play in relation to schizophrenia?

<p>Linked to earlier onset in predisposed individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of medication response, how do females with schizophrenia generally differ from males?

<p>Better response to second generation antipsychotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is most associated with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder in children?

<p>Extreme picky eating habits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender is primarily affected by feeding and eating disorders?

<p>Females, linked to cultural ideals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition shows a high failure rate as a weight-loss method?

<p>Dieting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of neuroanatomical changes, how does positive symptom-predominant schizophrenia generally present?

<p>Less observable brain damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is more associated with classical antipsychotic medications?

<p>Parkinson's-like symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Semaglutide have in the treatment of eating disorders?

<p>Mimics natural peptides to reduce appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of Complex PTSD compared to simple PTSD?

<p>Symptoms may include changes in worldview and philosophy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is NOT part of the Critical Incident Stress Debriefing process?

<p>Coping strategies phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a main risk factor for Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Early physical or sexual abuse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions is recognized as the only data-supported treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Dialectical Behavior Therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder is accurate?

<p>Transient psychotic episodes may occur under stress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the treatment of Personality Disorders?

<p>Medications are universally effective for all symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of emotional pain, what purpose does self-mutilation serve for some individuals?

<p>It offers a temporary sense of control or relief. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is typically NOT associated with Complex PTSD?

<p>Inability to experience emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the personality traits related to Antisocial Personality Disorder is often observed?

<p>Disregard for the law and the rights of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes dissociative symptoms associated with stress disorders?

<p>Feelings of detachment or being in a 'daze' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) compared to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

<p>Symptoms typically arise within two days of trauma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for developing PTSD?

<p>Pre-existing emotional support systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of depersonalization in individuals experiencing trauma?

<p>Feeling detached from one's own body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment approach is primarily aimed at helping individuals with trauma-related disorders?

<p>Exposure therapy combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic hyperarousal is best characterized by which of the following symptoms?

<p>Sleep disturbances, irritability, and restlessness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common symptom might be indicative of survival guilt or shame in trauma survivors?

<p>Reckless or impulsive behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological theme is most strongly associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

<p>Powerlessness and perfectionism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bodily damage is most commonly associated with self-induced vomiting in Bulimia Nervosa?

<p>Erosion of teeth and gums (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Binge Eating Disorder?

<p>Feelings of guilt and shame after binge eating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment approach is noted to be commonly less effective for Anorexia Nervosa?

<p>Medication, such as SSRIs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant comorbidity associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

<p>Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of genetic factors in psychopathy?

<p>Genetic predisposition may be more influential when combined with environmental stressors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the concept of 'successful psychopaths'?

<p>Individuals who avoid criminal behavior and excel in specific environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the treatment approaches for Antisocial Personality Disorder?

<p>Incarceration is the only evidence-based treatment for psychopaths. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes characteristics of Distress Tolerance as a component of emotional regulation strategies?

<p>Calmly recognizing current emotional distress without reacting impulsively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of sociopathy compared to psychopathy?

<p>Sociopathy is more associated with impulsive behavior and emotional outbursts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is primarily associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>Hallucinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about delusions in psychotic disorders?

<p>Delusions are fixed beliefs that remain unchanged despite conflicting evidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?

<p>OCD features compulsions that cause distress, while OCPD does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which relationship is observed between early trauma and antisocial behaviors?

<p>Early exposure to violence can shape antisocial traits in individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is commonly associated with the development of schizophrenia?

<p>Genetic predisposition and family history. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of Complex PTSD that distinguishes it from simple PTSD?

<p>Persistent changes in worldview and basic trust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely to result in the phenomenon known as "Delayed Expression" syndrome?

<p>Initial mild symptoms combined with social barriers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing, which phase is primarily focused on exploring the victims' emotions regarding the trauma?

<p>Reaction phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment approach is noted as having established effectiveness for Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with individuals who experience transient psychotic episodes related to Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Intense fear of abandonment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor contributes to the development of self-mutilation behaviors in individuals with emotional pain?

<p>Coping mechanism for intense emotions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the symptoms associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder?

<p>Inability to empathize and consistent manipulative behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence is notably absent from the evidence surrounding Critical Incident Stress Debriefing?

<p>Mitigation of trauma symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a critical risk factor for the development of Borderline Personality Disorder?

<p>Having been a victim of childhood trauma or abuse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily differentiates individuals with positive symptom-predominant schizophrenia from those with negative symptom-predominant schizophrenia?

<p>Acute versus gradual onset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most commonly associated with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder?

<p>Severe weight loss and nutritional deficiencies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration when discussing the effects of marijuana on schizophrenia risk?

<p>Heavy marijuana use may cause earlier onset in predisposed individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is particularly susceptible to eating disorders due to societal pressures?

<p>Males in sports with emphasis on weight control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best predicts the prognosis for individuals with negative symptom-predominant schizophrenia?

<p>Chronic, deteriorating course and observable brain damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism describes the therapeutic effect of GLP-1 agonists like Semaglutide in treating eating disorders?

<p>Regulation of appetite and blood sugar levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a common side effect of classical antipsychotic medications?

<p>Motor side effects resembling Parkinson’s disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the low compliance rate with antipsychotic medications?

<p>Patient concerns about side effects and symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of Westernization on eating disorders in non-Western countries?

<p>Cultural media exposure increases incidences of eating disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant consequence may arise from exposure to maternal infections during pregnancy?

<p>Higher rates of schizophrenia in the offspring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

A short-term reaction to trauma, lasting 2 days to less than a month, marked by anxiety, withdrawal, and sleep disturbances. Often occurs after accidents or interpersonal trauma.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A long-term reaction to trauma, lasting longer than a month. Symptoms persist beyond the initial stress response, impacting daily life.

Intrusive recollections

Unwanted, recurring memories or thoughts related to a traumatic event, often causing distress.

Dissociative symptoms

Psychological detachment reactions to trauma that include emotional detachment, being in a daze, avoiding memories or situations related to the event, perception of the surroundings/self being dreamlike or distorted, and 'memory fog'.

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Chronic hyperarousal

A heightened state of arousal following trauma, characterized by exaggerated startle responses, sleep disturbances, and heightened vigilance.

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Complex PTSD

A type of PTSD resulting from repeated or sustained trauma over months or years.

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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A personality disorder characterized by intense mood swings, unstable relationships, and fear of abandonment.

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Risk factors for PTSD/ASD

Factors increasing the chance of developing PTSD or ASD, including trauma severity, duration, family history, pre-existing anxiety or depression, and lack of social support.

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Exposure therapy

Treatment for PTSD/ASD that aims to desensitize trauma responses and reinterpret events through gradual exposure to trauma-related memories, situations, or reminders.

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Exposure Therapy

Psychotherapy focused on confronting trauma-related cues to reduce fear responses.

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Splitting (BPD)

A defense mechanism where individuals see people/situations as either "all good" or "all bad", without nuance.

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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A data-supported therapy for BPD, combining individual and group sessions.

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Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

A process for helping people cope with trauma, with unclear effectiveness.

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PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder, a mental health condition arising from a traumatic event.

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Delayed Expression Syndrome

A symptom that appear gradually/insufficient in acute phase but becomes diagnosable with PTSD over time.

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self-mutilation

A coping mechanism for intense emotional pain, providing temporary control.

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Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and severe food restriction, often leading to dangerously low body weight.

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Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, or fasting.

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Binge Eating Disorder

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors.

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Susceptible Populations (Anorexia)

Anorexia Nervosa is most common in women in post-industrialized, high-income countries. It also may be more frequent in female athletes and dancers, among gay or bisexual males, and in male wrestlers, jockeys, runners, or models who must “make weight.”

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Susceptible Populations (Bulimia)

Bulimia Nervosa primarily affects adolescents and young adults. It's more common in females, with peak ages of 15-18 for females and 18-26 for males. Up to 50% of people with bulimia have a history of Anorexia Nervosa.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

A clinical diagnosis (DSM-5) characterized by a pervasive disregard for others' rights, beginning in childhood.

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Psychopathy

Focuses on personality traits (e.g., superficial charm, lack of empathy), often involved in repeated moral offenses and/or criminal acts.

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Sociopathy

Emphasizes environmental factors (like upbringing) in the development of antisocial behavior.

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Hallucinations

Perceptions without external stimuli; vivid experiences seeming real, occurring without an external object.

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Delusions

Fixed, false beliefs that are resistant to conflicting evidence.

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Schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and motor behavior.

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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech/behavior

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Mindfulness

Practicing acceptance of thoughts and feelings.

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Distress Tolerance

Calmly recognizing and managing current situations.

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Brief Psychotic Disorder

A psychotic episode lasting less than one month, often triggered by stress or trauma.

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Maternal Infectious Agents during Pregnancy

Exposure to viruses like influenza during pregnancy can affect the developing fetus.

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Schizophrenia and Seasonality

Higher rates of Schizophrenia are found in those born in winter/early spring, possibly due to maternal infections during pregnancy.

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Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Reduced or absent behaviors like emotional flatness, social withdrawal, and inability to experience pleasure.

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Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

A feeding and eating disorder characterized by picky eating or lack of interest in food, leading to significant weight loss.

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Effectiveness of Dieting

Diets are usually unsuccessful long-term for weight loss.

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Semaglutide/Tirzepatide in Eating Disorders

These medications reduce appetite and are used to treat eating disorders associated with weight problems.

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Classical Antipsychotics

Older antipsychotic medications that may cause motor side effects.

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Atypical Antipsychotics

Newer antipsychotic medications that may cause metabolic problems instead of motor side effects.

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Cannabis and Schizophrenia

Heavy cannabis use during adolescence can increase schizophrenia risk in vulnerable individuals.

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Dissociative Amnesia

A loss of memory for a traumatic event, often related to combat or other stressful situations.

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Difference between ASD and PTSD

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) is a short-term response to trauma lasting under a month, while PTSD is a long-term response lasting more than a month.

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Survival Guilt/Shame

A feeling of guilt or shame for surviving a traumatic event while others did not. It might lead to recklessness or impulsive behaviors.

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Hyperarousal

A state of heightened alertness after trauma, characterized by exaggerated startle responses, insomnia, and hypervigilance.

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Depersonalization

Feeling detached from one's own body or self, as if observing from outside. It's a common response to trauma.

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Derealization

The surroundings feel unreal, dreamlike, or distorted. It's a common response to trauma.

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Splitting

In Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), shifting rapidly between idealizing someone as "all good" and devaluing them as "all bad" without a balanced view.

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Transient Psychotic Episodes

Brief episodes of paranoia, depersonalization, or derealization triggered by stress in BPD, leading to a temporary loss of touch with reality.

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Self-Mutilation (BPD)

Behaving in ways that harm oneself, such as cutting or burning, as a way to cope with intense emotional pain or emptiness.

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Dissociation (BPD)

Feeling detached from oneself or reality, a defense mechanism used in response to overwhelming stress.

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Emotion Regulation

The ability to understand, manage, and express emotions in a healthy and adaptive way. It involves analyzing emotional reactions instead of being overwhelmed by them.

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Maternal Infections

Exposure to viruses like influenza during pregnancy can increase the risk of schizophrenia in the child.

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Seasonality and Schizophrenia

People born during winter or early spring have a slightly higher chance of developing schizophrenia, possibly due to maternal infections during pregnancy.

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Semaglutide/Tirzepatide for Weight Loss

Medications like Wegovy and Mounjaro are approved for weight loss, particularly for those with obesity or diabetes. They work by reducing appetite.

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Anorexia Nervosa: Restrictive Type

People with this type of anorexia focus on severely restricting calorie intake, often adhering to strict food rules, rituals, and obsessive thoughts about food. They may engage in extreme behaviors like excessive chewing or sipping water between bites.

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Anorexia Nervosa: Binge-Eating/Purging Type

This type involves binge eating followed by purging behaviors like excessive exercise, but usually not vomiting. They aim to counteract the calorie intake by engaging in strenuous physical activity, with the goal of losing weight.

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Anorexia Nervosa & 'Two P's'

Powerlessness & Perfectionism: Individuals with Anorexia might believe that controlling their food intake and body shape can lead to a perfect life. By achieving the desired body image, they attempt to gain control and create a sense of perfection.

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Bulimia Nervosa Compensatory Behaviors

People with Bulimia resort to various unhealthy behaviors to compensate for binge eating – vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting, and misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. These attempts to remove calories or reduce water weight can lead to serious physical and psychological complications.

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Binge Eating Disorder: Psychological Costs

Binge eating disorder impacts mental health: People experience shame and guilt over their behavior, fearing social situations and avoiding them to binge eat. They may feel depressed and anxious due to the struggle with overeating and the negative consequences.

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Study Notes

Stress Disorders

  • Reactions to extreme trauma: Intense responses to highly distressing events.
  • Intrusive recollections: Unwanted, recurring memories of the trauma.
  • Daytime flashbacks, nightmares, illusions: Visual and sensory experiences recreating the trauma in waking life or sleep.
  • Example of illusion: A veteran arguing, seeing a combat enemy's face.
  • Acute distress upon cues of the trauma: Stressful reactions triggered by reminders of the trauma.
  • Example: Fireworks triggering flashbacks for an IED survivor.
  • Dissociative symptoms (“psychic numbing”): Emotional detachment, detachment from thoughts and actions.
  • Emotional detachment: Reduced emotional responsiveness and connection.
  • Being in a “daze” or being “zoned out” all the time: Dissociation from surroundings and thoughts.
  • Dropping out of usual activities or going “off the grid”: Withdrawal from normal routines and social activities.
  • Avoidance of topics related to trauma: Avoiding reminders of the traumatic event.
  • Memory fog or “dissociative amnesia” (e.g., combat-related): Difficulty remembering aspects of the trauma.
  • Time distortion (often feels slow): Perception of time altered by the trauma.
  • “Dreamlike” sense of surroundings (derealization): Environment feels unreal or distorted.
  • “This can’t be real”: Feeling a detachment from surroundings.
  • Feeling detached from one’s own body (depersonalization): Detachment from oneself as if watching from outside.
  • Chronic hyperarousal: Increased state of alertness and anxiety.
  • Startle response, insomnia, hypervigilance, restlessness: Physical symptoms of hyperarousal.
  • Irritability, unprovoked angry outbursts, and aggressiveness (especially in males): Increased irritability and aggression.
  • Survival guilt/shame: Negative feelings about surviving a traumatic event.
  • Feelings of unworthiness or being marginalized: Negative self-perception.
  • Reckless, impulsive behaviors: Actions that can be self-destructive.
  • Experiences of depersonalization and derealization: Feeling detached from one's body or the surrounding reality.
  • Depersonalization: Feeling detached from one’s own body or self.
  • Derealization: Surroundings feel unreal, dreamlike, or distorted.

Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD

  • Basic Difference: Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) is short-term (2 days to 1 month), PTSD is prolonged (> 1 month).
  • Risk Factors: Trauma severity, duration, and type; anxiety/depression history; family PTSD history; lack of social support; poor coping skills.
  • Treatment: Exposure therapy, CBT, EMDR (controversial), polyvagal therapy, stress management, and supportive groups.
  • “Delayed Expression” syndrome: Symptoms develop gradually over time, initially insufficient or masked.
  • Complex PTSD (CPTSD): Results from repeated or prolonged trauma, often involving abuse or neglect. Symptoms are more severe and longer-lasting, including worldview shifts, relationship problems, and revenge fantasies.

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

  • Basic steps: Fact phase, reaction phase, symptom phase, teaching phase, reentry phase.
  • Effectiveness: Little evidence that debriefings reduce long-term symptoms.

Personality Disorders

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

  • Predominant features: Intense and unstable relationships; splitting (idealization/devaluation); intolerance of being alone; feelings of emptiness; self-damaging behaviors (impulsivity); suicidal/self-injurious behavior; comorbidity with other disorders.
  • Risk factors: Childhood physical or sexual abuse, faulty family boundaries, invalidation.
  • Etiological hypotheses: Failure to master separation/individuation from the mother, pervasively invalidating environments.
  • Self-mutilation and dissociation: Coping mechanisms for dealing with overwhelming emotions.
  • Transient psychotic episodes: Brief episodes of losing touch with reality.
  • Splitting: A defense mechanism of viewing people in extremes.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

  • Predominant features: Pervasive disregard for others' rights, often with lying, impulsivity, aggression, and lack of remorse. Diagnosed after age 18; Conduct Disorder before that age.
  • Relationships among psychopathy, sociopathy, and ASPD: Psychopathy emphasizes personality traits (like superficial charm), sociopathy emphasizes environmental factors (like upbringing). ASPD is the clinical diagnosis.
  • Risk factors: Genetic factors, brain abnormalities (prefrontal cortex and amygdala), early trauma, inconsistent parenting.
  • Etiological hypotheses: Neurobiological (cortical immaturity) and environmental influence
  • Psychopathy and physiological arousal: Low or variable arousal levels, sensitivity to rewards, less sensitivity to punishments.

Other Personality Disorders (e.g., Narcissistic)

  • Predominant features: Description of each disorder. (Information presented in the question summary).

Schizophrenia

  • General features of psychotic disorders: Hallucinations (perceptions without stimuli); Delusions (fixed, false beliefs); Disorganized thinking and speech; Disorganized motor behavior or catatonia.
  • Delusional Disorder: Psychotic disorder lasting >1 month with delusions only.
  • Brief Psychotic Disorder: Psychotic episode lasting <1 month, usually triggered by extreme stress or trauma.
  • Schizoaffective Disorder: Combination of schizophrenia and mood disorder symptoms (depression or mania) where psychosis lasts even without mood shifts.
  • Dementia Praecox: Early stage schizophrenia, marked as a chronic, progressive disorder.
  • Bleuler's view: Focused on primary symptoms like thought disturbances; Restitutional symptoms; hallucinations are secondary coping mechanisms.
  • Typical manifestations: Positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech/behavior); Negative symptoms (blunt affect, social withdrawal); Cognitive symptoms (attention, memory, executive dysfunction)
  • Risk factors: Genetic predisposition, maternal infections during pregnancy, birth complications, paternal age, cannabis use.
  • Seasonality effects: Higher schizophrenia rates in winter/early spring births, potentially related to maternal infections.
  • Violence in schizophrenia: Co-occurring conditions, delusions, non-adherence to treatment.
  • Marijuana and schizophrenia: Adolescent heavy use increases risk in those with genetic predisposition.
  • Sex differences: Positive > negative symptoms in females, but males tend to have more negative symptoms, and more early onset.
  • Neuroanatomical/neurotransmitter changes: Positive: altered dopamine turnover, negative: less.
  • Medication differences: Positive response to classical antipsychotics, negative response is less responsive.
  • Classical/second-generation antipsychotics: Side effects vary (motor/metabolic).
  • Psychotherapy in Schizophrenia: Individual/family therapy is important.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

  • Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): Picky eating leading to weight loss, often due to sensory sensitivities in childhood; not related to body image.
  • Eating disorders increase with Westernization: Cultural standards and workforce changes.
  • Eating disorders and males: Susceptible in certain sports and competitive environments.
  • Effectiveness of dieting: 95% diet plans fail, for long-term success focus on lifestyle changes.
  • Semaglutide/Tirzepatide use: Medications that mimic natural peptides to reduce appetite, originally for diabetes, now for weight-loss support.
  • Anorexia Nervosa: Body image distortion, restrictive and binge-eating/purging types; often comorbid with OCD. Powerlessness and perfectionism are key elements. Physical complications with starvation, very high mortality risk, denial is a common issue.
  • Bulimia Nervosa: Compensatory behaviors (vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting); physical and psychological complications (primarily from repeated vomiting).
  • Binge Eating Disorder: Binge eating without compensatory behaviors. Physical and psychological costs, differentiate it from bulimia.

Substance Abuse/Dependence

  • Moral vs. Medical views: Moral: addicts are weak-willed; Medical: addiction is a disease.
  • Substance use vs. abuse: Use within cultural norms; abuse outside of norms.
  • Intoxication, abuse, and dependence: Intoxication: temporary impairment; Withdrawal: symptoms after drug use; Abuse: harmful pattern of use; Dependence: habitual use, tolerance.
  • Risk factors for alcohol dependence: First drink age, age of onset, sex, impulsivity traits.
  • Level of response to alcohol: Amount of alcohol needed to feel effects predicts dependence risk.
  • Ethnic variations in alcohol use disorders.
  • Opioid crisis contributors and strategies.

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Explore the various reactions to extreme trauma, including intrusive recollections and dissociative symptoms. This quiz delves into how individuals respond to highly distressing events and the different manifestations of stress disorders. Test your knowledge on the complexities of trauma responses.

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