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Questions and Answers
What best describes the primary difference between Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD?
What best describes the primary difference between Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD?
Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for developing PTSD?
Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for developing PTSD?
Which symptom is associated with depersonalization?
Which symptom is associated with depersonalization?
What is characterized by a 'dreamlike' sense of surroundings?
What is characterized by a 'dreamlike' sense of surroundings?
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Which of the following best describes chronic hyperarousal?
Which of the following best describes chronic hyperarousal?
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Which treatment methods are primarily used for trauma-related disorders?
Which treatment methods are primarily used for trauma-related disorders?
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What symptom might be experienced as a result of survival guilt or shame?
What symptom might be experienced as a result of survival guilt or shame?
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What mechanism commonly leads to the bodily damage associated with Bulimia Nervosa?
What mechanism commonly leads to the bodily damage associated with Bulimia Nervosa?
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Which of the following best describes the 'Two P's' of Anorexia Nervosa?
Which of the following best describes the 'Two P's' of Anorexia Nervosa?
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What factor significantly increases the likelihood of developing Anorexia Nervosa?
What factor significantly increases the likelihood of developing Anorexia Nervosa?
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Which statement accurately describes the outcomes of treatment for Bulimia Nervosa?
Which statement accurately describes the outcomes of treatment for Bulimia Nervosa?
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Which of the following is a common physical cost associated with Binge Eating Disorder?
Which of the following is a common physical cost associated with Binge Eating Disorder?
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Which statement accurately describes a key difference between psychopathy and sociopathy?
Which statement accurately describes a key difference between psychopathy and sociopathy?
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What is a common characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?
What is a common characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?
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Which of the following features is associated with the disorganized thinking seen in schizophrenia?
Which of the following features is associated with the disorganized thinking seen in schizophrenia?
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What best describes the treatment approach for individuals with psychopathic traits?
What best describes the treatment approach for individuals with psychopathic traits?
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Which of the following traits is NOT commonly associated with successful psychopaths?
Which of the following traits is NOT commonly associated with successful psychopaths?
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Which statement about Brief Psychotic Disorder is correct?
Which statement about Brief Psychotic Disorder is correct?
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What role do neurobiological factors play in psychopathy?
What role do neurobiological factors play in psychopathy?
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What term is used for the chronic deteriorative mental illness referred to in the early description of schizophrenia?
What term is used for the chronic deteriorative mental illness referred to in the early description of schizophrenia?
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Which of the following is true regarding the emotional regulation strategies used in therapy?
Which of the following is true regarding the emotional regulation strategies used in therapy?
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Which aspect is generally observed in patients with positive symptom-predominant schizophrenia?
Which aspect is generally observed in patients with positive symptom-predominant schizophrenia?
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What is one potential risk factor for violence in individuals with schizophrenia?
What is one potential risk factor for violence in individuals with schizophrenia?
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What role does THC play in relation to schizophrenia?
What role does THC play in relation to schizophrenia?
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In terms of medication response, how do females with schizophrenia generally differ from males?
In terms of medication response, how do females with schizophrenia generally differ from males?
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What characteristic is most associated with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder in children?
What characteristic is most associated with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder in children?
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Which gender is primarily affected by feeding and eating disorders?
Which gender is primarily affected by feeding and eating disorders?
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What condition shows a high failure rate as a weight-loss method?
What condition shows a high failure rate as a weight-loss method?
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In terms of neuroanatomical changes, how does positive symptom-predominant schizophrenia generally present?
In terms of neuroanatomical changes, how does positive symptom-predominant schizophrenia generally present?
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What side effect is more associated with classical antipsychotic medications?
What side effect is more associated with classical antipsychotic medications?
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What effect does Semaglutide have in the treatment of eating disorders?
What effect does Semaglutide have in the treatment of eating disorders?
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What is a distinguishing feature of Complex PTSD compared to simple PTSD?
What is a distinguishing feature of Complex PTSD compared to simple PTSD?
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Which phase is NOT part of the Critical Incident Stress Debriefing process?
Which phase is NOT part of the Critical Incident Stress Debriefing process?
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What is considered a main risk factor for Borderline Personality Disorder?
What is considered a main risk factor for Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Which of the following interventions is recognized as the only data-supported treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which of the following interventions is recognized as the only data-supported treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Which of the following statements about the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder is accurate?
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What is a common misconception regarding the treatment of Personality Disorders?
What is a common misconception regarding the treatment of Personality Disorders?
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In the context of emotional pain, what purpose does self-mutilation serve for some individuals?
In the context of emotional pain, what purpose does self-mutilation serve for some individuals?
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What symptom is typically NOT associated with Complex PTSD?
What symptom is typically NOT associated with Complex PTSD?
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What aspect of the personality traits related to Antisocial Personality Disorder is often observed?
What aspect of the personality traits related to Antisocial Personality Disorder is often observed?
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Which of the following best describes dissociative symptoms associated with stress disorders?
Which of the following best describes dissociative symptoms associated with stress disorders?
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What is a characteristic feature of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) compared to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
What is a characteristic feature of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) compared to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
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Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for developing PTSD?
Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for developing PTSD?
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What is an example of depersonalization in individuals experiencing trauma?
What is an example of depersonalization in individuals experiencing trauma?
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Which treatment approach is primarily aimed at helping individuals with trauma-related disorders?
Which treatment approach is primarily aimed at helping individuals with trauma-related disorders?
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Chronic hyperarousal is best characterized by which of the following symptoms?
Chronic hyperarousal is best characterized by which of the following symptoms?
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What common symptom might be indicative of survival guilt or shame in trauma survivors?
What common symptom might be indicative of survival guilt or shame in trauma survivors?
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Which psychological theme is most strongly associated with Anorexia Nervosa?
Which psychological theme is most strongly associated with Anorexia Nervosa?
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What type of bodily damage is most commonly associated with self-induced vomiting in Bulimia Nervosa?
What type of bodily damage is most commonly associated with self-induced vomiting in Bulimia Nervosa?
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Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Binge Eating Disorder?
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Binge Eating Disorder?
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Which treatment approach is noted to be commonly less effective for Anorexia Nervosa?
Which treatment approach is noted to be commonly less effective for Anorexia Nervosa?
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What is a significant comorbidity associated with Anorexia Nervosa?
What is a significant comorbidity associated with Anorexia Nervosa?
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Which statement best describes the role of genetic factors in psychopathy?
Which statement best describes the role of genetic factors in psychopathy?
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Which of the following best explains the concept of 'successful psychopaths'?
Which of the following best explains the concept of 'successful psychopaths'?
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Which statement accurately reflects the treatment approaches for Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Which statement accurately reflects the treatment approaches for Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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Which of the following describes characteristics of Distress Tolerance as a component of emotional regulation strategies?
Which of the following describes characteristics of Distress Tolerance as a component of emotional regulation strategies?
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What is a key characteristic of sociopathy compared to psychopathy?
What is a key characteristic of sociopathy compared to psychopathy?
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Which symptom is primarily associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Which symptom is primarily associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Which of the following statements is true about delusions in psychotic disorders?
Which of the following statements is true about delusions in psychotic disorders?
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What is a key difference between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?
What is a key difference between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?
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Which relationship is observed between early trauma and antisocial behaviors?
Which relationship is observed between early trauma and antisocial behaviors?
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Which risk factor is commonly associated with the development of schizophrenia?
Which risk factor is commonly associated with the development of schizophrenia?
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What is a characteristic symptom of Complex PTSD that distinguishes it from simple PTSD?
What is a characteristic symptom of Complex PTSD that distinguishes it from simple PTSD?
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Which factor is most likely to result in the phenomenon known as "Delayed Expression" syndrome?
Which factor is most likely to result in the phenomenon known as "Delayed Expression" syndrome?
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In the context of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing, which phase is primarily focused on exploring the victims' emotions regarding the trauma?
In the context of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing, which phase is primarily focused on exploring the victims' emotions regarding the trauma?
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Which treatment approach is noted as having established effectiveness for Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which treatment approach is noted as having established effectiveness for Borderline Personality Disorder?
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What symptom is commonly associated with individuals who experience transient psychotic episodes related to Borderline Personality Disorder?
What symptom is commonly associated with individuals who experience transient psychotic episodes related to Borderline Personality Disorder?
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What primary factor contributes to the development of self-mutilation behaviors in individuals with emotional pain?
What primary factor contributes to the development of self-mutilation behaviors in individuals with emotional pain?
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Which of the following best describes the symptoms associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Which of the following best describes the symptoms associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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What consequence is notably absent from the evidence surrounding Critical Incident Stress Debriefing?
What consequence is notably absent from the evidence surrounding Critical Incident Stress Debriefing?
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Which factor is considered a critical risk factor for the development of Borderline Personality Disorder?
Which factor is considered a critical risk factor for the development of Borderline Personality Disorder?
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What factor primarily differentiates individuals with positive symptom-predominant schizophrenia from those with negative symptom-predominant schizophrenia?
What factor primarily differentiates individuals with positive symptom-predominant schizophrenia from those with negative symptom-predominant schizophrenia?
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Which symptom is most commonly associated with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder?
Which symptom is most commonly associated with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder?
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What is a primary consideration when discussing the effects of marijuana on schizophrenia risk?
What is a primary consideration when discussing the effects of marijuana on schizophrenia risk?
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Which demographic is particularly susceptible to eating disorders due to societal pressures?
Which demographic is particularly susceptible to eating disorders due to societal pressures?
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Which characteristic best predicts the prognosis for individuals with negative symptom-predominant schizophrenia?
Which characteristic best predicts the prognosis for individuals with negative symptom-predominant schizophrenia?
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What mechanism describes the therapeutic effect of GLP-1 agonists like Semaglutide in treating eating disorders?
What mechanism describes the therapeutic effect of GLP-1 agonists like Semaglutide in treating eating disorders?
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Which of the following is considered a common side effect of classical antipsychotic medications?
Which of the following is considered a common side effect of classical antipsychotic medications?
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What is the primary reason for the low compliance rate with antipsychotic medications?
What is the primary reason for the low compliance rate with antipsychotic medications?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of Westernization on eating disorders in non-Western countries?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of Westernization on eating disorders in non-Western countries?
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What significant consequence may arise from exposure to maternal infections during pregnancy?
What significant consequence may arise from exposure to maternal infections during pregnancy?
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Study Notes
Stress Disorders
- Reactions to extreme trauma: Intense responses to highly distressing events.
- Intrusive recollections: Unwanted, recurring memories of the trauma.
- Daytime flashbacks, nightmares, illusions: Visual and sensory experiences recreating the trauma in waking life or sleep.
- Example of illusion: A veteran arguing, seeing a combat enemy's face.
- Acute distress upon cues of the trauma: Stressful reactions triggered by reminders of the trauma.
- Example: Fireworks triggering flashbacks for an IED survivor.
- Dissociative symptoms (“psychic numbing”): Emotional detachment, detachment from thoughts and actions.
- Emotional detachment: Reduced emotional responsiveness and connection.
- Being in a “daze” or being “zoned out” all the time: Dissociation from surroundings and thoughts.
- Dropping out of usual activities or going “off the grid”: Withdrawal from normal routines and social activities.
- Avoidance of topics related to trauma: Avoiding reminders of the traumatic event.
- Memory fog or “dissociative amnesia” (e.g., combat-related): Difficulty remembering aspects of the trauma.
- Time distortion (often feels slow): Perception of time altered by the trauma.
- “Dreamlike” sense of surroundings (derealization): Environment feels unreal or distorted.
- “This can’t be real”: Feeling a detachment from surroundings.
- Feeling detached from one’s own body (depersonalization): Detachment from oneself as if watching from outside.
- Chronic hyperarousal: Increased state of alertness and anxiety.
- Startle response, insomnia, hypervigilance, restlessness: Physical symptoms of hyperarousal.
- Irritability, unprovoked angry outbursts, and aggressiveness (especially in males): Increased irritability and aggression.
- Survival guilt/shame: Negative feelings about surviving a traumatic event.
- Feelings of unworthiness or being marginalized: Negative self-perception.
- Reckless, impulsive behaviors: Actions that can be self-destructive.
- Experiences of depersonalization and derealization: Feeling detached from one's body or the surrounding reality.
- Depersonalization: Feeling detached from one’s own body or self.
- Derealization: Surroundings feel unreal, dreamlike, or distorted.
Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD
- Basic Difference: Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) is short-term (2 days to 1 month), PTSD is prolonged (> 1 month).
- Risk Factors: Trauma severity, duration, and type; anxiety/depression history; family PTSD history; lack of social support; poor coping skills.
- Treatment: Exposure therapy, CBT, EMDR (controversial), polyvagal therapy, stress management, and supportive groups.
- “Delayed Expression” syndrome: Symptoms develop gradually over time, initially insufficient or masked.
- Complex PTSD (CPTSD): Results from repeated or prolonged trauma, often involving abuse or neglect. Symptoms are more severe and longer-lasting, including worldview shifts, relationship problems, and revenge fantasies.
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
- Basic steps: Fact phase, reaction phase, symptom phase, teaching phase, reentry phase.
- Effectiveness: Little evidence that debriefings reduce long-term symptoms.
Personality Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
- Predominant features: Intense and unstable relationships; splitting (idealization/devaluation); intolerance of being alone; feelings of emptiness; self-damaging behaviors (impulsivity); suicidal/self-injurious behavior; comorbidity with other disorders.
- Risk factors: Childhood physical or sexual abuse, faulty family boundaries, invalidation.
- Etiological hypotheses: Failure to master separation/individuation from the mother, pervasively invalidating environments.
- Self-mutilation and dissociation: Coping mechanisms for dealing with overwhelming emotions.
- Transient psychotic episodes: Brief episodes of losing touch with reality.
- Splitting: A defense mechanism of viewing people in extremes.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
- Predominant features: Pervasive disregard for others' rights, often with lying, impulsivity, aggression, and lack of remorse. Diagnosed after age 18; Conduct Disorder before that age.
- Relationships among psychopathy, sociopathy, and ASPD: Psychopathy emphasizes personality traits (like superficial charm), sociopathy emphasizes environmental factors (like upbringing). ASPD is the clinical diagnosis.
- Risk factors: Genetic factors, brain abnormalities (prefrontal cortex and amygdala), early trauma, inconsistent parenting.
- Etiological hypotheses: Neurobiological (cortical immaturity) and environmental influence
- Psychopathy and physiological arousal: Low or variable arousal levels, sensitivity to rewards, less sensitivity to punishments.
Other Personality Disorders (e.g., Narcissistic)
- Predominant features: Description of each disorder. (Information presented in the question summary).
Schizophrenia
- General features of psychotic disorders: Hallucinations (perceptions without stimuli); Delusions (fixed, false beliefs); Disorganized thinking and speech; Disorganized motor behavior or catatonia.
- Delusional Disorder: Psychotic disorder lasting >1 month with delusions only.
- Brief Psychotic Disorder: Psychotic episode lasting <1 month, usually triggered by extreme stress or trauma.
- Schizoaffective Disorder: Combination of schizophrenia and mood disorder symptoms (depression or mania) where psychosis lasts even without mood shifts.
- Dementia Praecox: Early stage schizophrenia, marked as a chronic, progressive disorder.
- Bleuler's view: Focused on primary symptoms like thought disturbances; Restitutional symptoms; hallucinations are secondary coping mechanisms.
- Typical manifestations: Positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech/behavior); Negative symptoms (blunt affect, social withdrawal); Cognitive symptoms (attention, memory, executive dysfunction)
- Risk factors: Genetic predisposition, maternal infections during pregnancy, birth complications, paternal age, cannabis use.
- Seasonality effects: Higher schizophrenia rates in winter/early spring births, potentially related to maternal infections.
- Violence in schizophrenia: Co-occurring conditions, delusions, non-adherence to treatment.
- Marijuana and schizophrenia: Adolescent heavy use increases risk in those with genetic predisposition.
- Sex differences: Positive > negative symptoms in females, but males tend to have more negative symptoms, and more early onset.
- Neuroanatomical/neurotransmitter changes: Positive: altered dopamine turnover, negative: less.
- Medication differences: Positive response to classical antipsychotics, negative response is less responsive.
- Classical/second-generation antipsychotics: Side effects vary (motor/metabolic).
- Psychotherapy in Schizophrenia: Individual/family therapy is important.
Feeding and Eating Disorders
- Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): Picky eating leading to weight loss, often due to sensory sensitivities in childhood; not related to body image.
- Eating disorders increase with Westernization: Cultural standards and workforce changes.
- Eating disorders and males: Susceptible in certain sports and competitive environments.
- Effectiveness of dieting: 95% diet plans fail, for long-term success focus on lifestyle changes.
- Semaglutide/Tirzepatide use: Medications that mimic natural peptides to reduce appetite, originally for diabetes, now for weight-loss support.
- Anorexia Nervosa: Body image distortion, restrictive and binge-eating/purging types; often comorbid with OCD. Powerlessness and perfectionism are key elements. Physical complications with starvation, very high mortality risk, denial is a common issue.
- Bulimia Nervosa: Compensatory behaviors (vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting); physical and psychological complications (primarily from repeated vomiting).
- Binge Eating Disorder: Binge eating without compensatory behaviors. Physical and psychological costs, differentiate it from bulimia.
Substance Abuse/Dependence
- Moral vs. Medical views: Moral: addicts are weak-willed; Medical: addiction is a disease.
- Substance use vs. abuse: Use within cultural norms; abuse outside of norms.
- Intoxication, abuse, and dependence: Intoxication: temporary impairment; Withdrawal: symptoms after drug use; Abuse: harmful pattern of use; Dependence: habitual use, tolerance.
- Risk factors for alcohol dependence: First drink age, age of onset, sex, impulsivity traits.
- Level of response to alcohol: Amount of alcohol needed to feel effects predicts dependence risk.
- Ethnic variations in alcohol use disorders.
- Opioid crisis contributors and strategies.
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Description
Explore the various reactions to extreme trauma, including intrusive recollections and dissociative symptoms. This quiz delves into how individuals respond to highly distressing events and the different manifestations of stress disorders. Test your knowledge on the complexities of trauma responses.
