Trauma & Stress Disorders Overview
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Trauma & Stress Disorders Overview

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Which statement accurately describes the prevalence of PTSD in different regions?

  • Asia has the highest prevalence rate at 9.2%.
  • The Netherlands has a prevalence rate of 9.2%.
  • Canada has a higher prevalence rate than the Netherlands. (correct)
  • Asia's prevalence rate is higher than that of the Netherlands.
  • According to historical data, which is true about the course of PTSD recovery?

  • Recovery rates increase significantly after two years.
  • Most individuals fully recover within six months.
  • 50% recover within three months. (correct)
  • Over 75% recover within the first month.
  • How does the DSM-5 redefine traumatic events in relation to PTSD?

  • Traumatic events must involve direct physical harm.
  • Only physical injuries are considered traumatic.
  • It includes threats to life, serious injury, and additional events for specific populations. (correct)
  • Only events involving direct personal experience qualify as trauma.
  • Which factor related to gender is true regarding the risk of PTSD?

    <p>Women report trauma differently due to emotional expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of nonspecificity in PTSD imply?

    <p>Most who experience traumatic events will not develop PTSD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of second-hand trauma, which situation could be considered traumatic?

    <p>Hearing about the death of a close person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of not conducting imaginal exposure professionally?

    <p>It could lead to increased fear and distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why Critical Incident Stress Debriefing might be harmful?

    <p>It can lead to premature exposure to trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criterion is NOT included in the ICD-11 diagnosis of Complex PTSD?

    <p>Intrusive memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of eliminating Criterion A from PTSD diagnosis?

    <p>Greater ambiguity in defining trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a misconception about the treatment of PTSD?

    <p>All individuals are expected to recover quickly with therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does NOT relate to the historical trauma case study of residential school trauma?

    <p>Inherent evil in human nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive processing therapy primarily address?

    <p>Beliefs influenced by traumatic experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment modality focuses on addressing dysfunctional sensory encoding and negative appraisals before they become entrenched?

    <p>Preventive trauma-focused CBT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Complex PTSD in relation to a trauma history?

    <p>Childhood exposure to chronic trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered Criterion A for diagnosing PTSD?

    <p>Exposure to a catastrophic event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about the recovery rate of PTSD after two years?

    <p>The prognosis becomes guarded, with persistent symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the prevalence of PTSD is true?

    <p>Prevalence varies greatly depending on the type of trauma experienced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what percentage of individuals with military combat experience were formally diagnosed with PTSD over time?

    <p>17%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key treatment modalities recommended for PTSD?

    <p>Trauma-focused therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacological treatment is commonly used to address PTSD symptoms?

    <p>SSRIs like Paroxetine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals is estimated to recover completely from PTSD?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about events leading to PTSD?

    <p>Natural disasters are the leading cause of PTSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modality allows individuals to relive trauma memories safely to reduce associated fear?

    <p>Imaginal exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a significant consequence of residential schools on Indigenous populations?

    <p>Emotional numbness and suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT typically included in the arousal and reactivity symptoms of PTSD?

    <p>Emotional numbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Criterion B for PTSD?

    <p>Flashbacks and intrusive memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Complex PTSD' refer to?

    <p>PTSD associated with multiple or prolonged traumatic experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive alteration is associated with PTSD?

    <p>Exaggerated beliefs about self and the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing PTSD?

    <p>Excessive emotional expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does historical trauma influence the emotional development of subsequent generations?

    <p>It inhibits the ability to show love and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Criterion C of PTSD diagnose?

    <p>Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which societal factor is a risk for developing PTSD according to the information provided?

    <p>Low social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment philosophy is often criticized for not considering cultural differences?

    <p>Western therapeutic models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavioral consequence related to trauma exposure in Indigenous populations?

    <p>Substance abuse as a coping mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the treatment challenges faced by individuals with C-PTSD?

    <p>They may face cultural mismatches in therapeutic settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prominent symptom cluster added in the diagnosis of C-PTSD compared to PTSD?

    <p>Negative self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects the impact of societal structures on Indigenous communities?

    <p>Societal punishment for violence perpetuates intergenerational trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is considered a contributor to higher rates of C-PTSD in survivors of residential schools?

    <p>Lack of access to cultural practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Trauma & Stressor-Related Disorders are caused by catastrophic or aversive life events.
    • They cause more impairment than expected.
    • Variability exists in how individuals respond to events.

    Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • PTSD is categorized by exposure to a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others.
    • Most common traumatic events are interpersonal, such as sexual assault, physical assault/abuse, combat, torture, and genocide.
    • Less common sources of PTSD involve natural environmental events, such as floods and earthquakes.
    • PTSD is associated with four symptom clusters: Intrusion symptoms, Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, Negative alterations in cognitions & mood, and Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity.

    Criterion A: Exposure to traumatic event

    • Interpersonal trauma is the most common cause of PTSD.
    • Individuals struggling with PTSD often have difficulty accepting the fact that others would hurt them.

    Criterion B: Intrusion symptoms

    • Intrusion symptoms include memories, images, dreams, and nightmares related to the event (not always the exact event) that often contain common themes.
    • Flashbacks are common among combat victims.
    • Images can involve dissociation.
    • Intrusive symptoms are often cued by trauma stimuli.
    • Physiological reactivity and physiological distress to trauma cues also occur.
    • Avoidance occurs cognitively and environmentally.

    Criterion D: Negative alterations in cognitions & mood

    • Individuals may develop exaggerated beliefs about themselves and the world.
    • Persistent negative emotions, detachment, and an inability to feel pleasure (emotional numbing) can occur.

    Criterion E: Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity

    • Symptoms include hypervigilance, startle response, concentration problems, sleep disturbance, irritability, and self-destructive actions.
    • Individuals may try to protect themselves in ways that are not safe, such as driving fast after a car accident under the belief that they are a “less likely to hit a moving target”.

    Treatment of PTSD

    • Avoidance or attempts to avoid trauma-related stimuli is common.
    • Biological treatments include SSRIs, such as Paroxetine, which may increase neurogenesis.
    • Trauma-focused therapy is considered the gold standard for PTSD treatment.
    • Prevalence rates of PTSD vary geographically, with the USA at 8.7% and Asia at 1%.
    • Common events that lead to PTSD in civilians include rape, assault, emergency work, and motor vehicle accidents (MVA).
    • Common events related to combat include captivity, torture, and genocide.
    • PTSD can occur at any age, but is less common in older individuals.
    • Females are more likely to be at risk for PTSD than males, possibly due to a higher incidence of traumatic events in women.
    • Some argue that women are more likely to report their distress.
    • Men may manifest trauma in different ways, such as through anger.
    • The recovery rate for PTSD is 50% within 3 months, but declines after that time.
    • The incidence rate of PTSD also falls off at a slow rate.
    • After 2 years, the prognosis for recovery is guarded and individuals may continue to experience significant symptoms.

    Controversies of PTSD

    • The definition of a traumatic event has evolved over time, leading to a broad vs narrow definition debate.
    • The broad definition of trauma exposure increased from 68% to 89%.
    • The DSM-5 introduced a requirement for a threat to life or serious injury for events to qualify as trauma, with additional criteria for specific populations.
    • The nonspecificity of PTSD symptoms creates an overlap with other disorders, such as depression.
    • Legal issues related to PTSD include questionable/unsubstantiated claims, reliance on self-report, and the assumption that symptoms are caused by the event.
    • The debate about whether "traumatic events" should be eliminated from the PTSD criteria is ongoing.
    • Second-hand events, such as hearing about the death or severe injury of a close person, could constitute trauma.

    Complex PTSD (C-PTSD)

    • C-PTSD is not included in the DSM-5, but is listed in the ICD-11.
    • C-PTSD involves prolonged or chronic exposure to trauma that shapes an individual’s sense of self and disrupts self-organization.
    • Childhood abuse is the most common cause of C-PTSD.
    • It has the highest levels of comorbidity with depression and anxiety.
    • Individuals with C-PTSD demonstrate the lowest levels of psychological well-being.

    Diagnosis Criteria of the ICD-11 for C-PTSD

    • The criteria for C-PTSD include the PTSD criteria + 3 other symptom clusters:
    • Affect dysregulation- Individuals often have difficulty expressing emotions due to limited exposure to emotional regulation strategies in childhood.
    • Negative self-concept- Individuals may experience shame and self-hatred.
    • Disturbances in relationships - Individuals may struggle with relationships due to their experiences with abuse.
    • The intergenerational transmission of C-PTSD can occur when individuals who have experienced trauma are unable to provide love and support to their children.

    Case Study: Residential School Trauma

    • The cultural clash between Indigenous and Western cultures led to the harmful policies and practices of residential schools.
    • Differences in cultural perspectives on human nature, relationship to the environment, and cultural practices contributed to the negative impact of residential schools on Indigenous communities.
    • The impact of residential schools on Indigenous survivors include emotional suppression, numbness, lack of emotional awareness, difficulty expressing emotions verbally, difficulty modulating thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, impulsive violence, socio-cultural shame, and attraction to alcohol and drug use to numb pain.

    PTSD vs C-PTSD

    • While both PTSD and C-PTSD involve exposure to a traumatic event, C-PTSD presents with additional symptom clusters:

      • Affect dysregulation
      • Negative self-concept
      • Disturbances in relationships
    • The intergenerational transmission of trauma is highly relevant when examining the impact of C-PTSD on Indigenous communities:

      • Individuals who are traumatized may be less able to care for their children, resulting in intergenerational cycles of trauma.
      • The normalization of abuse through generations can perpetuate harmful behaviors.
    • Western approaches to trauma do not always consider cultural differences and differences in cultural practices and beliefs.

    • Legal approaches to violence and abuse in Western society often focus on punishment and isolation, which can perpetuate trauma by creating a disconnect between individuals and their communities.

    • The treatment philosophy for C-PTSD requires a nuanced understanding of cultural perspectives and the impact of trauma on individuals and communities.

    Criterion F: Impairment or Distress

    • Impairment is a significant factor in the diagnosis of PTSD.
    • Initially, 50-60% of men who served in combat experienced PTSD, but only 17% are now substantially impaired by it.

    Clinical Picture

    • Prevalence rates of PTSD in the USA are 8.7%, with a point prevalence determined by questionnaires, while 3.5% meet the diagnostic criteria.
    • The text does not mention prevalence rates for gender.
    • The impact of trauma is complex and varies depending on individual susceptibility and the toxicity of the event.
    • While a Criterion A1 event is necessary for a PTSD diagnosis, it is not a sufficient condition.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders, focusing on their causes and effects on individuals. This quiz covers PTSD, including its symptoms, common causes, and the importance of understanding individual responses to traumatic events.

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