Final Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes substance abuse from substance use?

  • Substance abuse occurs outside of sociocultural norms. (correct)
  • Substance use leads to personal problems.
  • Substance abuse occurs within sociocultural norms.
  • Substance use is a habitual pattern of behavior.

    • Which of the following risk factors is NOT associated with ETOH dependence?

  • Higher levels of gray matter in the hippocampus (correct)
  • Early initiation of drinking before age 15
  • Presence of unstable personality disorders
  • Having a family history of alcohol dependence

    • What symptom is characteristic of delirium tremens due to ETOH withdrawal?

  • Hallucinations and disorientation (correct)
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Muscle cramping
  • Severe headaches

    • Which of the following is a recommended strategy for managing the current opioid crisis?

    <p>Training physicians to limit opiate prescriptions to no more than 30 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common personality change associated with Complex Partial Seizures?

    <p>Hyperreligiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common modality used during the rehabilitation phase of addiction treatment?

    <p>Outpatient therapy where they don't acknowledge that they have an issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes grandiose delusions in psychotic disorders?

    <p>Belief of special status or abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of delusion involves belief in underlying health issues?

    <p>Somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of Brief Psychotic Disorder?

    <p>Delusions and hallucinations for less than a month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of disorganized thinking in psychotic disorders?

    <p>Derailment or 'word salad'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes schizoaffective disorder?

    <p>Combination of schizophrenic symptoms and mood disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic behavior of individuals with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)?

    <p>Picky eating leading to significant weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is most at risk for developing anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Gay males and female athletes/dancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does dieting typically have on long-term weight management?

    <p>Results in resetting of metabolic rate, with weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bleuler refer to schizophrenia as?

    <p>Shattered mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semaglutide is primarily used to treat which condition?

    <p>Binge eating disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between dieting and emotional reactivity in anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Emotionally reactive individuals often exhibit perfectionism in dieting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Disordered thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is considered a risk factor for developing schizophrenia?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about body-image distortion in anorexia nervosa is accurate?

    <p>Those suffering feel fat despite being underweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which months is an increased likelihood of being born with schizophrenia noted?

    <p>February-March</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common demographic finding related to eating disorders?

    <p>Females are more likely to experience dieting than males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes one of the types of eating habits seen in anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Restrictive food intake leading to a low BMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant mutagenic factor linked to schizophrenia as men age?

    <p>Older sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Delusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern for males involved in sports related to eating disorders?

    <p>Seeking muscularity at the expense of nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

    <p>Amenorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical belief did Kraeplin associate with schizophrenia?

    <p>Metabolic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 'Two P's' associated with anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Powerlessness and perfectionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is closely linked to an increased risk of schizophrenia according to adolescent cannabis use?

    <p>Having smoked over 50 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of treatment for Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>High doses of SSRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of schizophrenia is characterized by a predominance of social withdrawal and inactivity?

    <p>Negative symptom-predominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of repeated vomiting in Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>Heart damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Binge Eating Disorder from Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>Individuals are typically medically obese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is less commonly effective for Anorexia Nervosa compared to Bulimia Nervosa?

    <p>Medication with SSRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the moral view of addiction emphasize?

    <p>Self-control and personal responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential psychological effect of Binge Eating Disorder?

    <p>Shame and guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Anorexia Nervosa, which physical symptom reflects the severe impact of the disorder?

    <p>Cyanosis of toes and fingernails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relapse in Bulimia Nervosa treatment is considered to be:

    <p>Common and challenging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bodily damage is associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

    <p>Loss of muscle and osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Paranoid Personality Disorder?

    <p>Persistent distrust of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy method is aimed at reducing anxiety to facilitate discussions about trauma?

    <p>Polyvagal therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by a consistent pattern of instability in relationships and impulsivity?

    <p>Borderline Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic approach involves writing letters to abuser(s) for realigning one's relationship with them?

    <p>Expressive writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality disorders is part of Cluster A and is associated with odd or eccentric behavior?

    <p>Schizotypal Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and a desire for relationships despite social withdrawal?

    <p>Avoidant Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder may engage in self-mutilation?

    <p>To focus mental pain onto a physical act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of long-term treatment for personality disorders, which approach is often utilized?

    <p>Long-term psychotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits best characterizes Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?

    <p>Preoccupation with details that hinders overall goal achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying factor is commonly associated with the development of Borderline Personality Disorder?

    <p>Invalidating environments during childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for developing ETOH dependence in younger individuals?

    <p>Drinking before the age of 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which withdrawal symptom is associated with severe ETOH dependence?

    <p>Delirium tremens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which change is commonly associated with Complex Partial Seizures?

    <p>Obsessive focus on minute details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is considered a substitution therapy in the management of opioid use disorders?

    <p>Methadone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of delusion involves a belief that one has special abilities or status?

    <p>Grandiose delusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is indicative of substance abuse rather than mere use?

    <p>Ineffective management of personal and social problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is indicative of disorganized thinking in psychotic disorders?

    <p>Disjointed speech resembling 'word salad'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is notably affected by the current opioid crisis due to factors like smuggling?

    <p>Residents near border states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is identified as experiencing more severe health problems associated with alcohol use disorders?

    <p>Females with a history of substance abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Brief Psychotic Disorder?

    <p>Delusions and hallucinations lasting less than one month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the typical management approach for ETOH withdrawal symptoms?

    <p>Supervised treatment in a hospital or detox facility is necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes schizoaffective disorder from schizophrenia?

    <p>History of mood episodes such as depression or mania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception did early observers have about schizophrenia, labeling it as 'premature dementia'?

    <p>Kraeplin's view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of nihlistic delusion in psychotic disorders?

    <p>Conviction that the world does not exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of functioning in Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) requires 24/7 care due to serious communication difficulties?

    <p>Level 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic shared among individuals diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>Repetitive and stereotyped behavior patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender has a higher prevalence rate for Autistic Spectrum Disorder according to the given data?

    <p>Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the classification of Autistic Spectrum Disorder, which category includes various intellectual, perceptual, and communication disorders?

    <p>Neurodevelopmental Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with lower-functioning ASD in children?

    <p>Initiative in social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic condition is commonly associated with lower-functioning ASD?

    <p>Fragile X Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnosis may be given to individuals who show typical development until middle childhood, then undergo a significant decline in function?

    <p>Childhood Disintegrative Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In lower-functioning ASD, what is a common characteristic regarding sensory processing?

    <p>Lack of startle response to loud sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification is no longer diagnosed separately under DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR?

    <p>Asperger's Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stress Disorders

    • Intrusive recollections of trauma include flashbacks, nightmares, illusions, and acute distress.
    • Dissociative symptoms, such as psychic numbing, are associated with greater impairment.
    • Emotional detachment and being in a daze are common dissociative symptoms.
    • Avoidance of trauma-related topics and dissociative amnesia are frequent in combat veterans.
    • Time distortion, feeling the current setting is dreamlike, and not registering events are dissociative experiences.
    • Depersonalization is the feeling of detachment from one's body.
    • Chronic hyperarousal includes exaggerated startle, insomnia, hypervigilance, and motor restlessness.
    • Irritability and aggressiveness are common, especially in males.
    • Survival guilt/shame, and reckless, impulsive behaviors are indicators.

    Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD

    • Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) is characterized by extreme levels of anxiety, inability to concentrate, and withdrawal from life and work.
    • PTSD symptoms last for more than one month after the initial stressor.
    • Common risk factors in developing PTSD include sexual violence (particularly in women aged 18-24), military combat, physical/emotional abuse, and human calamities.
    • Complex PTSD involves repeated or continuous trauma over months or years, with more extreme and longer-lasting symptoms than simple PTSD.
    • Risk factors vary and include severity, duration of trauma, family history, current mental health conditions (depression and anxiety), coping strategies, and minority ethnic background.

    Personality Disorders

    • Personality disorders are characterized by persistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that differ significantly from societal expectations.
    • Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders are included in cluster C.
    • Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. These are characterized by unusual or eccentric behaviors.
    • Cluster B includes borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders. They often involve dramatic, emotional, and unstable behaviors.

    Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

    • Fact phase: victims tell their stories.
    • Reaction phase: report thoughts and feelings about the incident.
    • Symptom phase: suggest coping strategies.
    • Teaching phase: educate victims regarding trauma and reactions.
    • Reentry phase: Wrap-up, answer questions, provide referrals, and develop action plans.

    Other Information

    • Complex PTSD: a special case of PTSD characterized by repeated or continuous trauma.
    • Etiological hypotheses focus on early trauma, family boundaries, and childhood experiences.
    • Psychopathy and sociopathy have links to antisocial personality disorder.
    • Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by disregard for the rights of others and repeated illegal behaviors.
    • Psychopathy is a neurodivergent condition that may not be considered a disorder in all cases. Sociopathy is often associated with criminal lifestyles.
    • Schizophrenia is a mental illness with various symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and motor problems.
    • Schizoaffective disorder is characterized by symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders.
    • There are subtypes of schizophrenia, including positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thoughts, while negative symptoms include social withdrawal, flat affect, and lack of motivation.
    • Characteristics of some personality disorders include paranoid personality disorder characterized by distrust and suspicion of others; schizoid personality disorder, which is characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression; and schizotypal personality disorder, which is characterized by social deficits and eccentricities.

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