Final Exam Review

A type of seizure that can cause changes in personality, such as focusing on details, excessive talking, and diminished humor.

Fixed false beliefs without evidence, common in psychotic disorders.

Delusions about having special abilities or a special status.

Experiences perceived as real but with no external cause.

Psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations) lasting less than a month, not caused by drug use.

Schizophrenia symptoms alongside depression or mania.

Historical term for schizophrenia, meaning "premature dementia."

Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia as a mind fractured into disjointed parts, often manifesting in disordered thinking; opposite to being coherent.

Symptoms like paranoia, delusions, and hallucinations, often marked by the presence of abnormal thoughts or perceptions.

Symptoms like social withdrawal, flat affect, inertia, or catatonia, often marked by the absence of normal behaviors.

A combination of genetic predisposition, birth complications, maternal infections, or infections during fetal development, older sperm, etc.

Higher likelihood of developing schizophrenia if one or both parents have it.

Exposure to infections like influenza, rubella, toxoplasmosis, or other agents during pregnancy as a risk factor for schizophrenia.

Cannabis use, especially excessive use during adolescence, may correlate with an increased risk of schizophrenia.

The increased likelihood of schizophrenia diagnosis births during certain seasons, often linked to maternal infection exposure during pregnancy.

Modern view of schizophrenia; starts with mis-wiring in the brain during fetal development.

Use refers to ingesting a drug within accepted social norms, while abuse involves using a drug outside those norms, causing personal and social problems.

The most severe form of substance use disorder, characterized by habitual abuse, cravings, and tolerance, leading to a strong need for the substance despite negative consequences.

Factors increasing the likelihood of developing alcohol dependence include family history, younger drinking age, ethnicity, and certain personality disorders.

Symptoms include shakes, sweating, nausea, vomiting, seizures, hallucinations, and delirium tremens (confusion, disorientation, agitation, frightening visual hallucinations).

The opioid crisis is fueled by smuggled drugs like fentanyl, highly addictive prescription pain relievers, and a black market for potent synthetic opioids.

A feeding and eating disorder characterized by picky eating or disinterest in food, leading to significant weight loss.

ARFID prevalence varies by sex and geographic location, with males sometimes having differing characteristics (e.g., obesity).

An eating disorder characterized by a relentless fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image (believing one is overweight when underweight).

A core characteristic of Anorexia Nervosa where individuals have a significant mismatch between their perceived body image and reality, often seeing themselves as overweight.

Anorexia can be restrictive (limiting food intake) or binge-eating/purging (more severe).

High-income countries and specific groups (female athletes/dancers, gay males, male wrestlers, models) are at higher risk of anorexia.

Anorexia is likely influenced by a complex interaction of both emotional reactivity and personality traits involving powerlessness and perfectionism.

Most dieting methods are unsuccessful for long-term weight loss due to metabolic rate adjustments and the return to prior weight.

A medication classified as a GLP-1 receptor agonist, used to treat obesity and potentially eating disorders by mimicking peptides that manage blood sugar and reduce appetite.

Long-term weight loss is most successful with a combination of healthy habits (nutrition, exercise and sleep) as a life-long pattern.

People with Anorexia Nervosa often experience dry skin, thinning hair, and hair loss due to nutritional deficiencies.

Amenorrhea refers to the loss of menstruation in females with Anorexia Nervosa, caused by hormonal imbalances due to malnutrition.

Cyanosis, characterized by bluish discoloration of toes and fingernails, can occur in Anorexia Nervosa due to poor circulation caused by malnutrition.

Enlarged salivary glands and tooth erosion can result from frequent forced vomiting in Anorexia Nervosa.

Anorexia Nervosa treatment often involves hospitalization for refeeding, family therapy, and sometimes medication, including SSRIs, but not always.

Bulimia Nervosa is more prevalent among females between 15 to 18 years old and college students, particularly during the 'freshman 15' period.

One common compensatory behavior in Bulimia Nervosa involves purging, which refers to self-induced vomiting after binge eating.

Non-purging compensatory behaviors in Bulimia Nervosa include engaging in excessive exercise or temporary fasting after binge-eating.

Repeated vomiting in Bulimia Nervosa can lead to tooth erosion, osteoporosis, heart damage, and other serious health complications.

Bulimia Nervosa treatment typically involves high doses of SSRIs, therapy, and has a good response rate, though relapses are common.

A personality disorder characterized by a fear of rejection or ridicule, leading to social withdrawal and low self-esteem. Individuals with Avoidant PD often desire relationships but find it difficult to form and maintain them.

A personality disorder characterized by a deep need to be taken care of, leading to submissiveness, a fear of separation, and a belief in their own helplessness. Individuals with Dependent PD often tolerate abusive relationships due to their fear of being alone.

A personality disorder marked by an extreme focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control. Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive PD may find it difficult to relax, delegate tasks, and may be indecisive due to a fear of making mistakes.

A personality disorder characterized by intense emotions, unstable relationships, impulsive behaviors, and a distorted sense of self. Individuals with BPD often struggle with feelings of emptiness, abandonment, and self-harm.

People with BPD may engage in self-harm as a way to cope with overwhelming emotions. They may cut, burn, or otherwise injure themselves to shift their mental pain to a physical experience, or to seek attention from those who are leaving them.

A set of personality changes sometimes seen in people with complex partial seizures, including obsessions with details, excessive talking, and a diminished sense of humor.

Symptoms that involve an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Symptoms that involve a deficit of normal functions, such as flat affect, social withdrawal, and lack of motivation.

Factors increasing alcohol dependence risk: family history, early drinking, specific ethnicities, and unstable personality traits.

Acute treatment focuses on detoxifying (stopping the drug) while rehabilitation helps address the underlying addiction through therapy, education, and support groups.

Strategies to address the opioid crisis include better pain management training for doctors, substitute treatments like methadone or Suboxone, rapid overdose response training, and readily available Narcan.

A personality disorder characterized by persistent distrust and suspicion of others, believing they are being exploited, harmed, or deceived. They often interpret neutral events as being threatening and hold grudges.

A personality disorder marked by intense emotions, unstable relationships, impulsive behaviors, and a distorted sense of self. They experience intense fear of abandonment, engage in self-harm, and have difficulty controlling anger.

A personality disorder characterized by a disregard for social norms and the rights of others. They may engage in criminal activity, lack empathy, and have a history of deceitfulness.

A personality disorder marked by a grandiose sense of self-importance, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. They possess a strong sense of entitlement and believe they are special and unique.

A personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors, often through dramatic displays and seductive actions. They thrive on being the center of attention and fear being ignored.

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early-onset impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests.

The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, used by mental health professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders.

ASD in DSM-5-TR includes a wide range of functioning levels, from Level 1 (relatively high-functioning, independent living) to Level 3 (serious communication difficulties and repetitive behavior, requires medication and 24/7 care).

Autism Spectrum Disorder with significant communication, social, and sensory challenges, often accompanied by intellectual disability.

The most common genetic cause of ASD and intellectual disability, caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome.

A rare genetic disorder affecting mostly females, caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome, leading to developmental regression and severe intellectual disability.

Individuals with lower-functioning ASD may show reduced interest in social interactions, struggling to make friends or engage in joint play, often preferring solitary activities.

People with ASD may experience over-sensitivity or under-sensitivity to touch, smells, sounds, and other sensory input, making them react differently to everyday stimuli.