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Questions and Answers
How does long-term stress affect the cardiovascular system?
Why are people experiencing lots of stress more likely to get sick?
Which of the following is a common symptom of PTSD?
Are the physical effects of stress always harmful?
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Why do people experience negative feelings when they are stressed?
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What might happen to Karl's school performance if he does not manage his stress effectively?
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What behavior might someone exhibit when experiencing stress?
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What is a potential consequence of stress on sleep?
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How might people experiencing stress feel about their social relationships?
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What might you find useful to include when responding empathetically to someone like Karl?
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Study Notes
Physical Effects of Stress
- The body reacts to stress with the fight-or-flight response, which mobilizes body resources to fight off or escape from a perceived threat.
- This response causes changes in several body systems, including:
- Nervous system: alerts the brain when the body experiences particular sensations, such as touch and pain.
- Endocrine system: releases hormones that lead to an increase in glucose and fatty acids, which can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, immune disorders, obesity, and depression.
- Cardiovascular system: increases heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, which can lead to heart attack or stroke.
- Immune system: reduces the body's ability to fight off infections, making people more likely to get sick.
- Digestive system: causes changes that lead to nausea, diarrhea, cramping, and inflammation.
- Reproductive system: decreases sex hormones, leading to lower levels of sperm in males, restricted ovulation in females, and decreased sexual arousal and fertility.
Mental and Emotional Effects
- Stress can cause:
- Cognitive effects: trouble concentrating, remembering, and making decisions.
- Emotional effects: negative feelings like nervousness, fear, anxiety, and anger.
- Stress-related disorders: acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Cognitive Effects
- Stress can cause:
- Trouble concentrating and remembering.
- Difficulty learning and paying attention.
- Physical injury due to lack of concentration.
Emotional Effects
- Stress can cause:
- Negative feelings like nervousness, fear, anxiety, and anger.
- Overwhelming emotions.
- People who experience chronic stress have a higher risk of mental illnesses, such as depression.
Effects of Stress
- Long-term stress can lead to:
- Chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.
- Mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety.
- Impaired cognitive function, such as memory and concentration.
Stress-Related Disorders
- Acute stress disorder: begins immediately after the stressful event and lasts from three days to one month.
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a stress-related disorder that develops in response to a traumatic event.
Intergenerational Transmission of Stress
- Stress can be passed on to future generations through epigenetic factors.
- Research has shown that children born after traumatic events to parents who experienced trauma have lower levels of cortisol than children who were not exposed to trauma.
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Description
This quiz covers the effects of stress on the body systems, cognitive functions, emotions, and behavior. It also explores the mental health conditions associated with stress.
