Stress and Coping Ch 4: Emotion Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is a common health hazard that men face due to traditional gender role expectations?

  • Pressure leading to health issues (correct)
  • Reluctance to pursue high-status jobs
  • Increased life expectancy
  • Greater likelihood of seeking emotional support

Which of the following best reflects the role expectations for females in traditional gender roles?

  • Women's primary role is to work outside the home
  • Women are encouraged to pursue leadership positions
  • Women are incomplete without a mate (correct)
  • Women should prioritize education over relationships

What is one way traditional gender roles may affect men's emotional health?

  • Creating confusion about intimacy and friendships (correct)
  • Promoting open discussions about mental health
  • Allowing for a range of emotional expressions
  • Encouraging men to frequently express vulnerability

What potential hazard do women face due to juggling multiple roles in society?

<p>Diminished career aspirations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might traditional gender roles contribute to men's sexual health issues?

<p>Pressure to conform to a macho image (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What quality is generally associated with males according to gender stereotypes?

<p>Instrumental (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cognitive area have past reports shown small gender differences favoring males?

<p>Mathematical abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender shows higher scores in agreeableness and neuroticism according to the five-factor model?

<p>Females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of aggression is predominantly associated with females?

<p>Verbal aggression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do men typically approach dialogue in communication compared to women?

<p>Instrumental and goal-oriented (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of self-esteem, which group has been observed to have a small advantage globally?

<p>Lower-class males (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative aspect of men's communicative style?

<p>Coldness and unresponsiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor shows that gender differences in cognitive abilities are generally small?

<p>Verbal skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misunderstanding in cross-cultural communication between genders?

<p>Men's communication is often perceived as unfeeling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)?

<p>Underestimation of situational influences and overestimation of dispositional influences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the nature of gender differences?

<p>They are neutral but interpreted differently by society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural attitudes differ toward explanations for behaviors according to the content?

<p>East Asians often attribute success to situational factors instead of personal traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key consideration in determining whether to make an internal or external attribution?

<p>The distinctiveness of the person's actions across various situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of everyday psychology discussed in the content?

<p>Creating emotional responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tendency is more common among individuals with high IQ and EQ regarding behavioral attributions?

<p>They tend to make dispositional attributions more frequently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does consensus play in attribution according to the theories of explaining behaviors?

<p>It influences whether the behavior is judged internally or externally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes the relationship between behavior attributions and interpersonal relations?

<p>Understanding biases in behavior attribution can improve interpersonal relations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is emphasized as important for coping in relationships?

<p>Understanding biases in judging others' behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the beneficial type of stress?

<p>Eustress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a common source of stress in America?

<p>Travel Experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'uplift' refer to in terms of stress?

<p>An enjoyable, regular experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequent life changes are associated with an increased likelihood of which of the following?

<p>Psychological and physical health problems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do analgesic drugs like aspirin work in relation to pain?

<p>They inhibit prostaglandins production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will likely be a significant area of job growth in the future?

<p>Renewable energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conflict involves two mutually exclusive goals, both of which are positive?

<p>Approach-approach conflict (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality traits are associated with higher job satisfaction?

<p>Self-esteem and emotional stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effective method to enhance job satisfaction?

<p>Unbiased performance appraisal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior pattern is characterized by aggressiveness and a sense of time urgency?

<p>Type A behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is categorized as an environmental stressor?

<p>Air pollution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of work-related stress?

<p>Organizational stressors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of conflict involves one goal that has both positive and negative features?

<p>Approach-avoidance conflict (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can job stress be prevented?

<p>Through careful screening and training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most likely to experience burnout?

<p>Workaholics and overly committed workers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a daily hassle?

<p>A routine source of annoyance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of burnout?

<p>Gradual development of exhaustion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action can help prevent burnout?

<p>Building supportive relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the mismatch causing job stress?

<p>Job demands exceeding employee abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does job satisfaction play in an individual's life?

<p>It can mutually influence life satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antianxiety drugs classified as minor tranquilizers?

<p>Depress activity of the CNS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are primarily affected by antidepressants?

<p>Serotonin and norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with discontinuing the use of minor tranquilizers?

<p>Rebound anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is primarily used for which condition?

<p>Severe depression unresponsive to other treatments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of lithium as a mood stabilizer?

<p>Normalizes neurotransmitter functioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about psychosurgery is true?

<p>It has mixed success in conditions like OCD and phobias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known side effect of psychotropic drug therapy?

<p>Serious side effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Major tranquilizers are primarily used to relieve symptoms of which disorder?

<p>Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stress

An event that exerts physical or psychological pressure on a person, or a demand made on an organism to adjust.

Eustress

Good stress; necessary for alertness and engagement.

Daily Hassles

Routine, stressful sources of annoyance or aggravation.

Life Changes

Major changes in life circumstances (e.g., marriage, job loss, death).

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Pain

A physical sensation signaling potential harm or damage.

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Frustration

The thwarting of a desire to achieve a goal.

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Conflict (in Psychology)

A state where opposing motives interfere with each other, preventing gratification.

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Approach-Approach Conflict

A conflict between two desirable options.

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Type A Behavior

A pattern of behaviors including aggressiveness, perfectionism, and a sense of time urgency, linked to stress.

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Environmental Stressors

Stressors originating from the surrounding environment, e.g., pollution, crowding.

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Attributing Causality

Explaining someone's behavior by deciding if it's due to internal factors (their personality) or external factors (the situation).

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Consistency

Does the person usually behave this way in this situation? If yes, it's more likely an internal explanation.

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Distinctiveness

Does the person behave differently in different situations? If yes, it suggests an external explanation.

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Consensus

Do others behave similarly in this situation? If yes, it points towards an external explanation.

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Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

The tendency to overestimate the influence of personality traits and underestimate the impact of situational factors on someone's behavior.

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High IQ & EQ

People with high intelligence and emotional intelligence are more prone to the FAE.

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Cultural Differences in FAE

The FAE is more common in North American cultures than East Asian cultures.

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Success Attributions

North Americans tend to attribute success to personal ability, while East Asians often attribute it to luck (external factor).

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Minor Tranquilizers

Anti-anxiety drugs belonging to the benzodiazepine class that reduce activity in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Antipsychotic Drugs

Major tranquilizers or neuroleptics used to treat psychosis, relieving symptoms like agitation, hallucinations, and delusions.

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Lithium

A mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder, its mechanism of action is unknown, but it's thought to normalize neurotransmitter activity.

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ECT

Electroconvulsive therapy involves passing electric currents through the brain, used as a last resort for severe depression.

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Psychosurgery

Surgical procedures on specific brain areas aimed at alleviating severe psychological disorders like OCD or phobias.

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Prefrontal Lobotomy

A type of psychosurgery, now discontinued, involving severing connections in the prefrontal cortex.

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Gamma Knife Surgery

A type of psychosurgery using focused beams of radiation to target specific brain areas.

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Male Role Expectations

The societal expectations for how men should behave, often emphasizing strength, stoicism, and success in work and finances.

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Hazards of Male Role Expectations

The potential negative consequences of adhering to traditional male role expectations, such as health issues due to stress, emotional suppression, and sexual confusion.

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Female Role Expectations

Societal expectations imposed on women, often centered around marriage, motherhood, and a double burden of work and domestic responsibilities.

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Hazards of Female Role Expectations

The potential negative consequences of conforming to traditional female roles, including career limitations, juggling demanding responsibilities, and conflicting ideas about sexuality.

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Marriage Mandate

The societal pressure on women to be married, suggesting that they're incomplete without a partner.

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Robotics Role in Future Workplace

Robotics and artificial intelligence will become increasingly important in the workplace of the future.

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Future Job Growth

Jobs in renewable energy, personal care, and healthcare are likely to see growth in the coming decades.

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Lifelong Learning

Continuous learning and skill development are crucial for adapting to a changing workplace.

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Job Satisfaction

The degree to which a person enjoys their work and feels positive about their job.

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Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction

Personality traits, job control, and life satisfaction can all influence how satisfied someone is with their work.

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Boosting Job Satisfaction

Strategies like improved recruitment, training, constructive criticism, and work redesign can enhance job satisfaction.

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Work Stress

Stress experienced at work can spill over into personal life, and vice versa.

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Managing Work Stress (1)

Objective analysis of work conditions, careful screening measures, and skills training can help prevent job stress.

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Managing Work Stress (2)

Counseling, supportive therapy, health education, and fitness programs can help manage work stress.

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Burnout

Extreme exhaustion caused by overcommitment to work or responsibilities.

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Potty Parity

The equal availability of restrooms for men and women, often in public spaces or workplaces.

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Gender Stereotypes

Widely held beliefs about the characteristics and behaviors typically associated with men and women, often inaccurate.

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Instrumentality

The orientation towards action, achievement, and task-oriented behaviors, often associated with men.

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Expressiveness

The orientation towards emotions, relationships, and communication, often associated with women.

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Verbal Abilities

Skills related to language, reading, writing, and understanding spoken language.

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Spatial Abilities

Skills involving mental manipulation of objects in space, like visualizing rotations and directions.

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Five Factor Personality Traits

A model describing human personality based on five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

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Aggressive Behaviors

Behaviors intended to harm or intimidate others, often categorized as physical, verbal, or relational.

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Emotional Expression

The outward display of feelings through facial expressions, body language, and verbal communication.

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Instrumental Communication

Communication focused on practical goals, problem-solving, and getting things done.

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Study Notes

Stress and Coping (Ch 4) + Emotion

  • Emotion is defined by necessary and sufficient features or through prototypes.
  • Prototype approach uses clear examples, or prototypes, as benchmarks for concepts that lack specific attributes.
  • Classical view of emotion defines emotion as a bodily change from physical perception followed by an experience.
  • Emotion is a complex process with neurological, physical, and subjective (felt) aspects.
  • Basic emotions in classic texts are Joy, Anger, and Fear.
  • Several theories, including the Schachter-Singer theory, propose different pathways from an event to a bodily change to a labeled emotion.

How to Understand Everyday Concepts

  • Classical definition: concepts are precisely defined by a set of necessary and sufficient features.
  • Prototype approach: Concepts are organized around clearest examples (prototypes).
  • Instances vary in their degree of "family resemblance" to the prototype.
  • An example: "fruit" has different kinds of fruit but all share a core set of features

What Is an Emotion?

  • James (1884) views emotion as bodily changes which trigger an experience that corresponds to the changes.
  • Emotion is a complex process with biological (neurophysiological), expressive, and phenomenological (subjective feelings) components..
  • Watson (1919): emotion is identified as a mental event.
  • Izard (1972): emphasizes that emotion consists of interrelated neurophysiological, motor-expressive, and phenomenological dimensions.
  • Tomkins (1979): emphasizes the role of facial movements in emotion.

Basic Emotions in the Chinese Case

  • Chinese texts describe "7 emotions and 6 desires".
  • Studies show overlap between Joy, Anger, and Fear across various Chinese dictionaries and classifications.

How to Study the Concept of Emotions

  • Concepts may be "fuzzy."
  • Categories are defined by prototypes and central features, lacking sharp boundaries.
  • Membership is a matter of degree.

Emotion Hierarchy (Theoretical Framework)

  • Subordinate level: specific emotions (e.g., pleased, content, terrified, worried)
  • Basic/middle level: more general emotions (e.g., Joy, Fear, Sadness)
  • Superordinate level: Emotion

Gender and Cognitive Differences

  • Males and females have minimal differences in most cognitive areas except for slight differences in spatial and mathematical abilities
  • Differences are small but also show differences in emotional expressions, social behaviors, and perceptions of gender roles
  • Women tend to report more emotions, men tend to display less
  • Females generally score better than males in emotional intelligence but do not generally differ in general intelligence.

Gender Differences and Roles

  • Gender roles are socially constructed expectations about how males and females should behave.
  • Societal pressures can shape gender perceptions and affect personality traits.
  • Pressure to adhere to gender roles can also affect self-esteem and fulfillment

Gender Identity vs. Gender Assignment

  • Gender identity is one's internal sense of being male, female, or both.
  • Gender identity is often not congruent with assigned sex at birth, as seen in transgender identities
  • This can drive efforts toward affirming one’s true sense of self.

Coping with Stress

  • Everyday coping mechanisms include considering attribution styles (internal vs. external), explaining behaviors, and cultural differences in perspective.
  • Coping styles include rational and non-rational ways of thinking.
  • Other forms of coping include problem solving, managing emotions, and substance abuse which isn't the healthiest.

Psychotherapy

  • Psychotherapy is a structured therapeutic interaction between a therapist and client that aims to address mental health concerns or life challenges such as achieving greater personal wellbeing and coping with difficult circumstances in life.
  • Approaches vary, from traditionally psychoanalytic therapy to modern therapy such as humanistic therapies and cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

Client-Centered Therapy

  • This approach emphasizes the client's role in therapy and employs active listening and showing empathy to guide the client towards self-understanding and self-acceptance.
  • Key principles of this approach include unconditional positive regard, empathetic understanding, and genuineness.

Group, Couple, and Family Therapy

  • Group therapy: uses support from a community to foster growth and resolution for those who share similar circumstances.
  • Couple therapy: helps couples resolve conflict and improve communication.
  • Family therapy: views families as a system where each member influences the others.

Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs)

  • Evidence-based therapies show strong efficacy for specific disorders, such as cognitive and behavioral therapies for anxiety and depression
  • Treatments are rigorously tested to ensure efficacy and are tailored to the needs of each individual client.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of emotion as discussed in Chapter 4 of Stress and Coping. This quiz delves into the classical and prototype approaches to understanding emotions, including key theories like the Schachter-Singer theory. Test your knowledge on the basic emotions and their neurological aspects.

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