Streaming Data Processing Systems

Questions and Answers

Which of the following stream processing systems utilizes automated scaling?

Lambda

Spectrum Streamer

Flink (correct)

Kappa

What is the primary purpose of Stream Analytics in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum?

To formulate health and safety standards

To provide statistical reports to human users

To develop custom applications for IoT systems

To detect transmissions and update spectrum occupancy databases (correct)

What is the primary goal of dimensionality reduction techniques?

To reduce the occupied space for storing and transmitting

To reduce the number of random variables under consideration (correct)

To transform data into a visual representation

To increase the number of random variables

Which operation is responsible for transforming data into a visual representation?

Visualization Signup and view all the answers

Which architecture combines both stream and batch functionalities?

Lambda Signup and view all the answers

What type of processing accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later?

Batch processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the Kappa architecture and traditional stream processing systems?

Kappa does not enforce a relational view Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of real-time notifications in Stream Analytics?

To update spectrum occupancy databases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of compression in stream processing?

To reduce the occupied space for storing and transmitting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an application of stream analytics?

Predictive maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organizations is focused on promoting open standards and interoperability for industrial IoT systems?

Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of stream processing over batch processing?

Real-time insights and decision-making Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Spectrum Streamer?

To ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of Stream Analytics in IoT systems?

Enabling real-time notifications Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of summarization in stream processing?

To provide a representation that best describes the time series Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of stream processing architectures?

Real-time data processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of the data access platform in the context of IoT?

To reduce technical barriers for information providers and consumers Signup and view all the answers

What is HyperCat?

A specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of discovery in the context of IoT data?

To identify which aggregators contain information of interest Signup and view all the answers

What is metadata in the context of IoT data?

A set of data that describes and presents information about other data Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of DCAT in the context of IoT data?

It facilitates interoperability between data catalogues Signup and view all the answers

What is a dataset in the context of IoT data?

A key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor Signup and view all the answers

What is an information consumer in the context of IoT data?

An individual or organization that wants to use IoT data in their application Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main aspects of interoperability in the context of IoT data?

Discovery, access control, and usage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP)?

To determine on a case-by-case basis how to treat zero-day computer security vulnerabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is a decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes?

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) Signup and view all the answers

What is a recognizable symbol that can be combined with color coding and/or letters, numbers, etc., to indicate levels of trust, compliance, security, etc.?

BSI Kitemark Signup and view all the answers

What is a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment or to compare the efficiency of several different investments?

Return on investment (RoI) Signup and view all the answers

What is a state statue intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California in the United States?

California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of blockchain?

Trust, resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance, security, and decentralization Signup and view all the answers

What is a declarative query language developed specifically for expressing queries used for searching and retrieving the data found in archetype-based repositories?

Archetype Query Language (AQL) Signup and view all the answers

What is a centralized function within an organization employing people, processes, and technology to continuously monitor and improve an organization's security posture while preventing, detecting, analyzing, and responding to cybersecurity incidents?

Security Operations Center (SOC) Signup and view all the answers

Which wave of IoT development focuses on data management, processing, and analytics?

Third Wave Signup and view all the answers

What type of device converts an electrical signal into a physical quantity?

Actuator Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a customer edge device?

Receiving data from and sending commands to IoT devices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a mobile edge computer?

Reducing transmission cost and providing fast interactive response Signup and view all the answers

Which stakeholder in the IoT ecosystem produces applications that process available data to produce actionable insights?

Application Developers Signup and view all the answers

What is edge processing?

A process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an access network?

Moving data to and from a sensor or edge Signup and view all the answers

What is a centralized IoT platform?

Powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases Signup and view all the answers

Which wave of IoT development focuses on hardware-related breakthroughs?

First Wave Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an actuator in IoT?

Converting electrical signals into physical quantities Signup and view all the answers

Which stakeholder in the IoT ecosystem provides storage and computing infrastructure?

Platform Providers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of edge processing in IoT?

Data aggregation, manipulation, and bandwidth reduction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of device receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices?

Customer Edge Device Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a mobile edge computer in IoT?

Reducing transmission cost and providing fast interactive response Signup and view all the answers

Which type of IoT platform provides powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases?

Centralized IoT Platform Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an access network in IoT?

Moving data to and from a sensor or edge Signup and view all the answers

What does the IoT Runtime Environment provide beyond the container management level?

Remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints Signup and view all the answers

What is Node-RED?

A flow-based development tool for IoT built on NodeJS Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Information Broker module?

To store recently received data from sensors or from the cloud or other modules Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Protocol Adapter module?

To enable the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Rules Engine module?

To route incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Management and Security module?

To manage IoT device registration and configuration, and handle security features Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Use Case Specific module?

To perform a specialist function produced by a developer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Information Provider module?

To collect data from its own sensor deployments and make it available to others under appropriate terms and conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Stream Analytics in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum?

To sense what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum Signup and view all the answers

Which stream processing system is suitable for streaming data and does not enforce a relational view?

Flink Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Spectrum Streamer?

To ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of Lambda architecture?

Supports both stream and batch functionalities Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is focused on promoting open standards and interoperability for industrial IoT systems?

Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of real-time notifications in Stream Analytics?

To update spectrum occupancy databases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of Stream Analytics?

Sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum Signup and view all the answers

Which architecture is suitable for processing data exclusively as streams?

Kappa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of stream processing?

To handle each new piece of data as it is being created Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of dimensionality reduction techniques?

To reduce the number of random variables under consideration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of summarization in stream processing?

To provide a representation that best describes the time series under consideration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of compression in stream processing?

To reduce the occupied space for storing and/or transmitting data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of visualization in stream processing?

To transform data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of stream processing architectures?

Handling each new piece of data as it is being created Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of learning and mining in stream processing?

Automates model building from recorded data and extracts insights from large datasets Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of batch processing?

To accumulate new data into disjunctive groups and process them later Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an EHR?

To store and share patient health information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Laboratory Information System (LIS)?

To support modern laboratory operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a vMCM?

To provide digital twin services of physical assets Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a vBCP?

To act as a gateway to blockchain infrastructures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a vAAA?

To deliver AAA features with blockchain-based and OAUTH2.0 service modes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of NoSQL?

To provide a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data in non-tabular formats Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an AMI?

To enable two-way communication between utilities and customers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a vSON?

To enable multihop and multiprotocol connectivity of IoT devices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Spectrum Streamer?

To ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is focused on promoting open standards and interoperability for industrial IoT systems?

Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of Stream Analytics in IoT systems?

Accurate and up to date, near-real-time results Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data processing accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later?

Batch processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of real-time notifications in Stream Analytics?

To update spectrum occupancy databases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of statistical reporting in Stream Analytics?

To deliver reports targeting human users Signup and view all the answers

Which architecture combines both stream and batch functionalities?

Lambda architecture Signup and view all the answers

Which wave of IoT development focuses on new sensors and materials as well as communication technologies and protocols?

Second Wave Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an actuator in IoT?

To convert an electrical signal into a physical quantity Signup and view all the answers

Which stakeholder in the IoT ecosystem produces applications that process available data to produce actionable insights?

Application Developers Signup and view all the answers

What is edge processing in IoT?

A process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an access network in IoT?

To move data to and from a sensor or edge Signup and view all the answers

Which type of device receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices?

Customer Edge Device Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a mobile edge computer in IoT?

To reduce transmission cost and provide fast interactive response Signup and view all the answers

Which type of IoT platform provides powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases?

Centralized IoT Platform Signup and view all the answers

What does the IoT Runtime Environment provide beyond the container management level?

Remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints Signup and view all the answers

What is Node-RED?

A flow-based development tool built on NodeJS for IoT Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of summarization in stream processing?

To provide to the human and machine data consumers a representation that best describes the time series under consideration Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a protocol adapter in IoT?

To transform incoming sensor data to a common format Signup and view all the answers

What is dimensionality reduction?

A set of techniques that reduce the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an information broker in IoT?

To store recently received data from sensors or the cloud Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Rules Engine in IoT?

To route incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of compression in stream processing?

To reduce the occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an information provider in IoT?

To collect data from IoT sensor deployments and make it available to others Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of learning and mining in stream processing?

To automate model building from recorded data and extract insights and understand large datasets Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Management and Security module in IoT?

To manage IoT device registration and security Signup and view all the answers

What is visualization in stream processing?

Methods that transform the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Secure Runtime Environment in IoT?

To reduce the attack space through measures such as IAM, secure boot, and device attestation Signup and view all the answers

What is batch processing in stream analytics?

A process that accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later Signup and view all the answers

What is stream processing in stream analytics?

A process that handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created Signup and view all the answers

What are the five main operations performed on streaming data?

Compression, dimensionality reduction, summarization, learning, and visualization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vBCP in IoT?

Gateway to blockchain infrastructures Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of vAAA?

Delivering AAA, with blockchain-based and OAUTH2.0 service modes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vMCM?

Monitoring and governing physical assets Signup and view all the answers

What is NoSQL?

A mechanism for storage and retrieval of data modeled in means other than the tabular relations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of LIS?

To support a modern laboratory's operations Signup and view all the answers

What is an EHR?

A digital format for storing and sharing patient and population health information Signup and view all the answers

What is AMI?

An integrated system of smart meters, communications networks, and data management systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vSON?

Enabling multihop and multiprotocol connectivity of IoT devices Signup and view all the answers

Match the following IoT data types with their descriptions:

Sensor Data = measurement or query of data, is the initial value required for metadata to be gathered Metadata = set of data that describes and presents information about other data Dataset = is a key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor Signup and view all the answers

Match the following IoT concepts with their primary goals:

Discovery = identify which aggregators contain information of interest and afterwards find specific data sets Access Control = facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access Usage = reduce the technical barriers faced by both providers and consumers of information Signup and view all the answers

Match the following IoT standards with their descriptions:

HyperCat = specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies DCAT = Data Catalog Vocabulary, a W3C recommendation aimed at facilitating interoperability between data catalogues Signup and view all the answers

Match the following IoT roles with their descriptions:

Information Consumer = wants to join the data revolution and build a new application that draws on multiple disparate sources of data Data Provider = provides storage and computing infrastructure for IoT use cases Signup and view all the answers

Match the following IoT data formats with their descriptions:

JSON = used in HyperCat for representing IoT platform catalogues RDF = used in DCAT for facilitating interoperability between data catalogues Signup and view all the answers

Match the following IoT data aspects with their descriptions:

Time = required for a mobile sensor Location = optional for a mobile sensor Signup and view all the answers

Match the following IoT platforms with their primary functions:

BT Datahub = provides facilities for collecting and processing sensor data IoT Platform = provides powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases Signup and view all the answers

Match the following IoT data processing concepts with their primary goals:

Data Access = reduce the technical barriers faced by both providers and consumers of information Stream Analytics = processes available data to produce actionable insights Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream processing architectures with their characteristics:

Lambda = Combines both stream and batch functionalities Kappa = Utilizes automated scaling Flink = Does not enforce a relational view Spectrum Streamer = Exclusively processes data as streams Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream analytics applications with their purposes:

Real-time notifications = Update spectrum occupancy databases Statistical reporting = Target human users for report generation Custom applications = Subscribe to the output of the spectrum streamer Stream analytics = Sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organizations with their focuses:

Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) = Promoting open standards and interoperability for industrial IoT systems Standards development organizations (SDOs) = Formulating health and safety standards Flink = Stream processing system utilizing automated scaling Spectrum Streamer = Streaming architecture and open-source library Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream processing concepts with their definitions:

Real-time notifications = Detected transmissions that can be used to update spectrum occupancy databases Custom applications = Developed to subscribe to the output of the spectrum streamer for report generation Stream analytics = Important for sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum Statistical reporting = References a report delivered by computational statistics of the detected events Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream processing systems with their characteristics:

Flink = Second-generation stream processing system Kappa = Does not have a batch layer Lambda = Supports both stream and batch functionalities Spectrum Streamer = Streaming architecture and open-source library Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream analytics concepts with their purposes:

Real-time notifications = Providing immediate alerts to spectrum occupants Statistical reporting = Generating reports for human users Custom applications = Enabling custom reporting and analysis Stream analytics = Analyzing real-time data for insights Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream processing architectures with their advantages:

Lambda = Provides both accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results Kappa = Enables real-time processing of data streams Flink = Utilizes automated scaling for efficient processing Spectrum Streamer = Supports custom applications for report generation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream analytics applications with their benefits:

Real-time notifications = Enables prompt response to spectrum occupancy changes Statistical reporting = Provides insights for human users Custom applications = Supports custom reporting and analysis Stream analytics = Enhances decision-making with real-time data Signup and view all the answers

Match the IoT ecosystem stakeholders with their roles:

Information Providers = Owners of sensor deployments that may share information and data for the general good. Platform Providers = Produce applications that process available data to produce actionable insights. Application Developers = Provide storage and computing infrastructure as well as analytics services. End Users = Use the information and applications that are made available by other stakeholders. Signup and view all the answers

Match the IoT development waves with their focus areas:

First Wave = Hardware-related breakthroughs Second Wave = Data management, processing, and analytics Third Wave = Development of new sensors and materials as well as communication technologies and protocols IoT Ecosystem = Deployment of IoT technology and relationships between stakeholders Signup and view all the answers

Match the IoT devices with their functions:

Actuator = Converts an electrical signal into a physical quantity Customer Edge Device = Provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions Mobile Edge Computer = Reduces transmission cost and provides fast interactive response in computation of off-loading resources Edge Processing = Performs data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device Signup and view all the answers

Match the IoT network components with their functions:

Access Network = Moves data to and from a sensor or edge Centralized IoT Platform = Provides powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases Customer Edge Device = Receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices Mobile Edge Computer = Provides fast interactive response in computation of off-loading resources Signup and view all the answers

Match the IoT concepts with their descriptions:

Edge Processing = Performs data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device Access Network = Moves data to and from a sensor or edge Centralized IoT Platform = Provides powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases IoT Ecosystem = Deployment of IoT technology and relationships between stakeholders Signup and view all the answers

Match the IoT stakeholders with their roles:

Information Providers = Owners of sensor deployments that may share information and data for the general good. Platform Providers = Provide storage and computing infrastructure as well as analytics services. Application Developers = Produce applications that process available data to produce actionable insights. End Users = Use the information and applications that are made available by other stakeholders. Signup and view all the answers

Match the IoT devices with their functions:

Customer Edge Device = Receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices Mobile Edge Computer = Provides fast interactive response in computation of off-loading resources Actuator = Converts an electrical signal into a physical quantity Edge Processing = Performs data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device Signup and view all the answers

Match the IoT development waves with their focus areas:

First Wave = Data management, processing, and analytics Second Wave = Hardware-related breakthroughs Third Wave = Deployment of IoT technology and relationships between stakeholders IoT Ecosystem = Development of new sensors and materials as well as communication technologies and protocols Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

Compression = Set of operations that can be done on the data to reduce the occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting. Dimensionality reduction = Process of transforming the data in order to provide to the human and machine data consumers a representation that best describes the time series under consideration. Summarization = Set of techniques that reduce the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration. Learning and mining = Set of operations that can be done on the data to reduce the occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream processing architectures with their characteristics:

Batch processing = Handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created. Stream processing = Accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later. Real-time data visualization = A process that accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later. Stream Analytics = Handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their purposes:

Compression = To transform the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer. Summarization = To provide to the human and machine data consumers a representation that best describes the time series under consideration. Learning and mining = To reduce the occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting. Visualization = To automate model building from recorded data. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following data compression techniques with their purposes:

Lossless compression = To lose some of the data in order to reduce the occupied space for storing. Lossy compression = To preserve all the data but reduce the occupied space for storing. Dimensionality reduction = To reduce the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration. Summarization = To transform the data in order to provide to the human and machine data consumers a representation that best describes the time series under consideration. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream analytics applications with their purposes:

Real-time data visualization = To extract insights and understand large datasets that are otherwise impossible to analyze. Stream processing = To automate model building from recorded data. Batch processing = To transform the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer. Summarization = To provide to the human and machine data consumers a representation that best describes the time series under consideration. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following dimensionality reduction methods with their purposes:

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) = To automate model building from recorded data. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) = To transform the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer. t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) = To reduce the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration. Isomap = To extract insights and understand large datasets that are otherwise impossible to analyze. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stream processing architectures with their advantages:

Batch processing = Provides faster processing of large datasets. Stream processing = Provides real-time processing and analysis of data as it is generated. Real-time data visualization = Provides faster processing of large datasets. Stream Analytics = Provides real-time processing and analysis of data as it is generated. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their advantages:

Stream processing = Provides faster processing of large datasets. Batch processing = Provides real-time processing and analysis of data as it is generated. Real-time data visualization = Provides real-time processing and analysis of data as it is generated. Data compression = Reduces the occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) = a decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes. Permissionless DLTs = any actor can become a node. Federated DLT = permissioned DLT shared across more than one organization. Blockchain = Decentralization, Immutability, auditability, fault tolerance and resilience Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Security operations center (SOC) = a centralized function within an organization employing people, processes, and technology to continuously monitor and improve an organization's security posture while preventing, detecting, analyzing, and responding to cybersecurity incidents. Return on investment (RoI) = a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment or to compare the efficiency of several different investments. BSI Kitemark = recognizable symbols and often binary indicators that can be combined with color coding and/or letters, numbers, etc., to indicate levels of trust, compliance, security, etc. California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) = a state statue intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California in the United States Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their features:

Blockchain = trust, resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance, security, complete decentralization Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) = standards-based architectural template and methodology that enables Industrial Internet of Things Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP) = a process used by the U.S. federal government to determine on a case-by-case basis how it should treat zero-day computer security and vulnerabilities. Archetype Query Language (AQL) = a declarative query language developed specifically for expressing queries used for searching and retrieving the data found in archetype-based repositories. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Blockchain = Decentralization, Immutability, auditability, fault tolerance and resilience Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) = a decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes. Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) = standards-based architectural template and methodology that enables Industrial Internet of Things Security operations center (SOC) = a centralized function within an organization employing people, processes, and technology to continuously monitor and improve an organization's security posture while preventing, detecting, analyzing, and responding to cybersecurity incidents. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their benefits:

Blockchain = trust, resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance, security, complete decentralization Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) = a decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes. Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) = standards-based architectural template and methodology that enables Industrial Internet of Things Return on investment (RoI) = a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment or to compare the efficiency of several different investments. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP) = a process used by the U.S. federal government to determine on a case-by-case basis how it should treat zero-day computer security and vulnerabilities. California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) = a state statue intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California in the United States BSI Kitemark = recognizable symbols and often binary indicators that can be combined with color coding and/or letters, numbers, etc., to indicate levels of trust, compliance, security, etc. Archetype Query Language (AQL) = a declarative query language developed specifically for expressing queries used for searching and retrieving the data found in archetype-based repositories. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) = standards-based architectural template and methodology that enables Industrial Internet of Things Security operations center (SOC) = a centralized function within an organization employing people, processes, and technology to continuously monitor and improve an organization's security posture while preventing, detecting, analyzing, and responding to cybersecurity incidents. Blockchain = Decentralization, Immutability, auditability, fault tolerance and resilience Return on investment (RoI) = a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment or to compare the efficiency of several different investments. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Archetype Query Language (AQL) = a declarative query language developed specifically for expressing queries used for searching and retrieving the data found in archetype-based repositories. California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) = a state statue intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California in the United States BSI Kitemark = recognizable symbols and often binary indicators that can be combined with color coding and/or letters, numbers, etc., to indicate levels of trust, compliance, security, etc. Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP) = a process used by the U.S. federal government to determine on a case-by-case basis how it should treat zero-day computer security and vulnerabilities. Signup and view all the answers

A fixed sensor's location can be regarded as a ______ property of the sensor.

contextual Signup and view all the answers

There are __ main operations performed on streaming data.

five Signup and view all the answers

Compression reduces the occupied ______ for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting.

space Signup and view all the answers

Dimensionality reduction reduces the number of ______ under consideration.

random variables Signup and view all the answers

Summarization transforms the data to provide to the human and machine ______ consumers a representation that best describes the time series under consideration.

data Signup and view all the answers

Learning refers to methods that automate ______ building from recorded data.

model Signup and view all the answers

Visualization methods transform the data into a ______ representation targeted at a human consumer.

visual Signup and view all the answers

Batch processing accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them ______.

later Signup and view all the answers

In the IoT ecosystem, the ______ produces applications that process available data to produce actionable insights.

Application Developers Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of a ______ is to convert an electrical signal into a physical quantity.

Actuator Signup and view all the answers

The ______ wave of IoT development focuses on data management, processing, and analytics.

Third Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of ______ processing is to perform data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device.

Edge Signup and view all the answers

A ______ edge device receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices, and provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions.

Customer Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of a ______ is to reduce transmission cost and provide fast interactive response in the computation of off-loading resources, focused on data aggregation, data compression, and data transformation.

Mobile edge computer Signup and view all the answers

The ______ wave of IoT development focuses on hardware-related breakthroughs.

First Signup and view all the answers

A ______ IoT platform provides powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases, delivering important capabilities such as data interoperability and uniform data access, management functions.

Centralized Signup and view all the answers

There are two main types of stream data processing systems: one type based on existing relational database principles, and the second type more suitable for streaming data as they do not enforce a relational view and enable the creation of custom operators that consume and transform data streams and generate new data ______.

streams Signup and view all the answers

Stream analytics is important for sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum, with relatively low-cost ______.

sensors Signup and view all the answers

In Kappa architecture, the batch layer is not present, and all data are processed exclusively as ______.

streams Signup and view all the answers

Real-time notifications are detected transmissions that can be used to update spectrum occupancy databases or directly notify other devices that a transmission is happening in a certain ______.

channel Signup and view all the answers

Spectrum Streamer is a streaming architecture and an open-source library used to ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in ______.

real-time Signup and view all the answers

Statistical reporting references a report delivered by computational statistics of the detected events, primarily targeting human users for report ______.

generation Signup and view all the answers

Custom applications can be developed to subscribe to the output of the spectrum streamer for ______ generation.

report Signup and view all the answers

Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) is a nonprofit organization created for the promotion of open standards and interoperability for technologies used in industrial and machine-to-machine (M2M) ______.

environments Signup and view all the answers

The main purpose of the data access platform is to reduce the technical barriers faced by both providers and consumers of information in which they have a shared ______.

interest Signup and view all the answers

In the context of IoT data, ______ is a set of data that describes and presents information about other data.

metadata Signup and view all the answers

The three main aspects of interoperability in the context of IoT data are ______, access control, and usage.

discovery Signup and view all the answers

In the context of IoT data, a ______ is a key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor.

dataset Signup and view all the answers

An ______ consumer wants to join the data revolution and build a new application that draws on multiple disparate sources of data.

information Signup and view all the answers

HyperCat is a specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies, using ______ and URI.

JSON Signup and view all the answers

DCAT is a W3C recommendation aimed at facilitating interoperability between data catalogues, specifying a ______ description framework.

resource Signup and view all the answers

Sensor data is the initial value required for ______ to be gathered.

metadata Signup and view all the answers

A _______________ is a decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes.

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) Signup and view all the answers

The BSI _______________ is a recognizable symbol that can be combined with color coding and/or letters, numbers, etc., to indicate levels of trust, compliance, security, etc.

Kitemark Signup and view all the answers

The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is a state statue intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of _______________.

California Signup and view all the answers

The _______________ is a process used by the U.S. federal government to determine on a case-by-case basis how it should treat zero-day computer security and vulnerabilities.

Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP) Signup and view all the answers

Return on investment (RoI) is a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an _______________.

investment Signup and view all the answers

A _______________ is a centralized function within an organization employing people, processes, and technology to continuously monitor and improve an organization's security posture while preventing, detecting, analyzing, and responding to cybersecurity incidents.

Security operations center (SOC) Signup and view all the answers

The Archetype Query Language (AQL) is a _______________ query language developed specifically for expressing queries used for searching and retrieving the data found in archetype-based repositories.

declarative Signup and view all the answers

The benefits of blockchain include _______________, resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance, and security.

trust Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Streaming Data

There are two main types of stream data processing systems: one based on existing relational database principles and another more suitable for streaming data.
Flink is a second-generation stream processing system that utilizes automated scaling.
Lambda architecture supports both stream and batch functionalities, providing accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results.
Kappa architecture does not have a batch layer, and all data are processed exclusively as streams.
Stream analytics is important for sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum with relatively low-cost sensors.
Spectrum Streamer is a streaming architecture and an open-source library used to ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time.
Real-time notifications are detected transmissions that can be used to update spectrum occupancy databases or directly notify other devices that a transmission is happening in a certain channel.
Statistical reporting references a report delivered by computational statistics of the detected events, primarily targeting human users for report generation.
Custom applications can be developed to subscribe to the output of the spectrum streamer for report generation.

Organizations

Standards development organizations (SDOs) work to formulate health and safety standards.
Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) is a nonprofit organization created for the promotion of open standards and interoperability for technologies used in industrial and machine-to-machine (M2M) environments.

Processing Data

Batch processing is a process that accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later.
Stream processing is a process that handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window.
Five main operations performed on streaming data: compression, dimensionality reduction, summarization, learning, and visualization.
Compression reduces the occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting data.
Dimensionality reduction reduces the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration.
Summarization transforms the data to provide a representation that best describes the time series under consideration.
Learning and mining involve automating model building from recorded data and using models to extract insights and understand large datasets.
Visualization transforms the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer.

Information Consumer

An information consumer wants to join the data revolution and build a new application that draws on multiple disparate sources of data.

IoT Standards

HyperCat is a specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies.
DCAT is a W3C recommendation aimed at facilitating interoperability between data catalogues.

Interoperability

Three main aspects of interoperability: discovery, access control, and usage.
Discovery involves identifying which aggregators contain information of interest and finding specific data sets.
Access control involves facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access.
Data access involves reducing technical barriers faced by both providers and consumers of information.

Types of Data

Sensor data is the initial value required for metadata to be gathered.
Metadata is a set of data that describes and presents information about other data.
Dataset is a key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor.

IoT Evolution

First Wave: Hardware related breakthrough that aimed to connect everyday objects to networks.
Second Wave: Development of new sensors and materials as well as communication technologies and protocols.
Third Wave: Data management processing and analytics as well as security, privacy, and trust.

IoT Ecosystem

IoT ecosystem is a set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and the relationship between them.
Stakeholders include information providers, platform providers, application developers, and end users.

IoT Components

Actuator: a device that converts an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity such as movement, force, or sound.
Edge processing: a process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device.
Access network: part of the network concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge.
Customer edge device: receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices, provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions.
Mobile edge computer: reduces transmission cost and provides fast interactive response in the computation of off-loading resources.

IoT Architecture

Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) is a standards-based architectural template and methodology that enables Industrial Internet of Things.

Security and Privacy

BSI Kitemark is a recognizable symbol that indicates levels of trust, compliance, security, etc.
California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is a state statue intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California in the United States.
Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP) is a process used by the U.S. federal government to determine how it should treat zero-day computer security and vulnerabilities.

Blockchain

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes.
Permissionless DLTs allow any actor to become a node.
Federated DLT is a permissioned DLT shared across more than one organization.
Features of blockchains: decentralization, immutability, auditability, fault tolerance, and resilience.
Benefits of blockchain: trust, resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance, security, and complete decentralization.

Streaming Data

Two main types of stream data processing systems:
- First type based on existing relational database principles
- Second type suitable for streaming data, enables creation of custom operators and generation of new data streams
Flink: second-generation stream processing system that utilizes automated scaling
Lambda architecture: supports both stream and batch functionalities, provides accurate and up-to-date results
Kappa architecture: batch layer is not present, and all data are processed exclusively as streams

Stream Analytics

Important for sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum, with relatively low-cost sensors
Spectrum Streamer: streaming architecture and open-source library used to ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time
Real-time notifications: detected transmissions that can be used to update spectrum occupancy databases or directly notify other devices
Statistical reporting: report delivered by computational statistics of the detected events, targeting human users for report generation
Custom applications: can be developed to subscribe to the output of the spectrum streamer for report generation

Organizations

Standards development organizations (SDOs): work to formulate health and safety standards
Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC): nonprofit organization created for the promotion of open standards and interoperability for technologies used in industrial and machine-to-machine (M2M) environments

IoT Concepts

Journeys: represented as geospatial features (e.g., point, line, or polygon) with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata
Geographical features: represented as geospatial features (e.g., point, line, or polygon) with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata
Situations: includes an aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as interpretation, relevant to a time and specified locations

Processing Data

Batch processing: accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later, defined by criteria such as batch size or age
Stream processing: handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window
Five main operations performed on streaming data:
- Compression: reduces occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting
- Dimensionality reduction: reduces the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration
- Summarization: transforms the data to provide a representation that best describes the time series under consideration
- Learning and mining: automated model building from recorded data and using models to extract insights and understand large datasets
- Visualization: transforms the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer

IoT Ecosystem

IoT Ecosystem: a set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and the relationship between them
Stakeholders in IoT Ecosystems:
- Information Providers: owners of sensor deployments that may share information and data for the general good
- Platform Providers: provide storage and computing infrastructure as well as analytics services
- Application Developers: produce applications that process the available data within a specific context to produce actionable insight for end users
- End Users: use the information and applications that are made available by other stakeholders

IoT Concepts

Actuator: device that converts an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity such as movement, force, or sound
Edge processing: process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device
Access network: part of network which is concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge
Customer edge device: receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices & provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions
Mobile edge computer: reduces transmission cost and provides fast interactive response in the computation of off-loading resources
Centralized IoT platform: powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases delivering important capabilities
IoT Runtime Environment: provides additional functionality beyond the container management level that enables remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints
Device management: encompasses the areas of initial device configuration and on-going management
Secure Runtime Environment: component represents a comprehensive collection of tools that reduce the attack space through measures such as identity access management (IAM), secure boot, device attestation, TPMs, and trusted execution environments (TEEs)

IoT Tools and Technologies

NodeJS: JavaScript for servers
Node-RED: flow-based development tool meant for IoT, built on NodeJS
Protocol adapter: protocol specific module enabling the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format
Information broker: on-board storage module that allows storage of recently received data from sensors or from the cloud or other modules
Rules Engine: module to route the incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules
Use case specific: module that is produced by a developer to perform a specialist function
Management and Security: module that allows registration of the IoT device to the system and manages modules and configuration, handles security features

Healthcare and Energy

Electronic health record (EHR): the electronic, systematized collection of patient and population health information stored in a digital format that can be shared across different healthcare settings
Laboratory information system (LIS): software-based solution with features that support a modern laboratory's operations
NoSQL: provides a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data that is modeled in means other than the tabular relations
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): integrated system of smart meters, communications networks, and data management systems that enable two-way communication between utilities and customers
SM: smart meter
IED: intelligent energy device
PMU: phasor measurement unit
VNF: virtual network function
vMCM: virtual machine cloud machine function, offers digital twin services of the on-field physical assets
vBCP: virtual blockchain processing function, gateway to blockchain infrastructures, allowing interaction of vBCP service-compliant devices with the blockchain
vAAA: VNF delivering AAA, features two distinct service modes, namely blockchain-based and OAUTH2.0 service
vMME: virtual mobility management entity responsible for registering devices to the network and advertising their presence on it
vSON: virtual self-organizing networks enabling multihop and multiprotocol connectivity of IoT devices without direct access to 5g networking
vTSD: virtual terminal service discovery responsible for effectively handling IoT devices services discovery

Streaming Data

Two main types of stream data processing systems:
- First type based on existing relational database principles
- Second type suitable for streaming data, enables creation of custom operators and generation of new data streams
Flink: second-generation stream processing system that utilizes automated scaling
Lambda architecture: supports both stream and batch functionalities, provides accurate and up-to-date results
Kappa architecture: batch layer is not present, and all data are processed exclusively as streams

Stream Analytics

Important for sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum, with relatively low-cost sensors
Spectrum Streamer: streaming architecture and open-source library used to ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time
Real-time notifications: detected transmissions that can be used to update spectrum occupancy databases or directly notify other devices
Statistical reporting: report delivered by computational statistics of the detected events, targeting human users for report generation
Custom applications: can be developed to subscribe to the output of the spectrum streamer for report generation

Organizations

Standards development organizations (SDOs): work to formulate health and safety standards
Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC): nonprofit organization created for the promotion of open standards and interoperability for technologies used in industrial and machine-to-machine (M2M) environments

IoT Concepts

Journeys: represented as geospatial features (e.g., point, line, or polygon) with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata
Geographical features: represented as geospatial features (e.g., point, line, or polygon) with arbitrary associated properties described in metadata
Situations: includes an aggregation of sensor-based data and other data, as well as interpretation, relevant to a time and specified locations

Processing Data

Batch processing: accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later, defined by criteria such as batch size or age
Stream processing: handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window
Five main operations performed on streaming data:
- Compression: reduces occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting
- Dimensionality reduction: reduces the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration
- Summarization: transforms the data to provide a representation that best describes the time series under consideration
- Learning and mining: automated model building from recorded data and using models to extract insights and understand large datasets
- Visualization: transforms the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer

IoT Ecosystem

IoT Ecosystem: a set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and the relationship between them
Stakeholders in IoT Ecosystems:
- Information Providers: owners of sensor deployments that may share information and data for the general good
- Platform Providers: provide storage and computing infrastructure as well as analytics services
- Application Developers: produce applications that process the available data within a specific context to produce actionable insight for end users
- End Users: use the information and applications that are made available by other stakeholders

IoT Concepts

Actuator: device that converts an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity such as movement, force, or sound
Edge processing: process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device
Access network: part of network which is concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge
Customer edge device: receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices & provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions
Mobile edge computer: reduces transmission cost and provides fast interactive response in the computation of off-loading resources
Centralized IoT platform: powerful central storage and processing capability for IoT use cases delivering important capabilities
IoT Runtime Environment: provides additional functionality beyond the container management level that enables remote management of information flows between multiple IoT applications and external endpoints
Device management: encompasses the areas of initial device configuration and on-going management
Secure Runtime Environment: component represents a comprehensive collection of tools that reduce the attack space through measures such as identity access management (IAM), secure boot, device attestation, TPMs, and trusted execution environments (TEEs)

IoT Tools and Technologies

NodeJS: JavaScript for servers
Node-RED: flow-based development tool meant for IoT, built on NodeJS
Protocol adapter: protocol specific module enabling the transformation of incoming sensor data or outgoing actuator commands to a common format
Information broker: on-board storage module that allows storage of recently received data from sensors or from the cloud or other modules
Rules Engine: module to route the incoming data from other modules based on predefined rules
Use case specific: module that is produced by a developer to perform a specialist function
Management and Security: module that allows registration of the IoT device to the system and manages modules and configuration, handles security features

Healthcare and Energy

Electronic health record (EHR): the electronic, systematized collection of patient and population health information stored in a digital format that can be shared across different healthcare settings
Laboratory information system (LIS): software-based solution with features that support a modern laboratory's operations
NoSQL: provides a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data that is modeled in means other than the tabular relations
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI): integrated system of smart meters, communications networks, and data management systems that enable two-way communication between utilities and customers
SM: smart meter
IED: intelligent energy device
PMU: phasor measurement unit
VNF: virtual network function
vMCM: virtual machine cloud machine function, offers digital twin services of the on-field physical assets
vBCP: virtual blockchain processing function, gateway to blockchain infrastructures, allowing interaction of vBCP service-compliant devices with the blockchain
vAAA: VNF delivering AAA, features two distinct service modes, namely blockchain-based and OAUTH2.0 service
vMME: virtual mobility management entity responsible for registering devices to the network and advertising their presence on it
vSON: virtual self-organizing networks enabling multihop and multiprotocol connectivity of IoT devices without direct access to 5g networking
vTSD: virtual terminal service discovery responsible for effectively handling IoT devices services discovery

Streaming Data

There are two main types of stream data processing systems: one based on existing relational database principles and another more suitable for streaming data.
Flink is a second-generation stream processing system that utilizes automated scaling.
Lambda architecture supports both stream and batch functionalities, providing accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results.
Kappa architecture does not have a batch layer, and all data are processed exclusively as streams.
Stream analytics is important for sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum with relatively low-cost sensors.
Spectrum Streamer is a streaming architecture and an open-source library used to ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time.
Real-time notifications are detected transmissions that can be used to update spectrum occupancy databases or directly notify other devices that a transmission is happening in a certain channel.
Statistical reporting references a report delivered by computational statistics of the detected events, primarily targeting human users for report generation.
Custom applications can be developed to subscribe to the output of the spectrum streamer for report generation.

Organizations

Standards development organizations (SDOs) work to formulate health and safety standards.
Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) is a nonprofit organization created for the promotion of open standards and interoperability for technologies used in industrial and machine-to-machine (M2M) environments.

Processing Data

Batch processing is a process that accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later.
Stream processing is a process that handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window.
Five main operations performed on streaming data: compression, dimensionality reduction, summarization, learning, and visualization.
Compression reduces the occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting data.
Dimensionality reduction reduces the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration.
Summarization transforms the data to provide a representation that best describes the time series under consideration.
Learning and mining involve automating model building from recorded data and using models to extract insights and understand large datasets.
Visualization transforms the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer.

Information Consumer

An information consumer wants to join the data revolution and build a new application that draws on multiple disparate sources of data.

IoT Standards

HyperCat is a specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies.
DCAT is a W3C recommendation aimed at facilitating interoperability between data catalogues.

Interoperability

Three main aspects of interoperability: discovery, access control, and usage.
Discovery involves identifying which aggregators contain information of interest and finding specific data sets.
Access control involves facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access.
Data access involves reducing technical barriers faced by both providers and consumers of information.

Types of Data

Sensor data is the initial value required for metadata to be gathered.
Metadata is a set of data that describes and presents information about other data.
Dataset is a key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor.

IoT Evolution

First Wave: Hardware related breakthrough that aimed to connect everyday objects to networks.
Second Wave: Development of new sensors and materials as well as communication technologies and protocols.
Third Wave: Data management processing and analytics as well as security, privacy, and trust.

IoT Ecosystem

IoT ecosystem is a set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and the relationship between them.
Stakeholders include information providers, platform providers, application developers, and end users.

IoT Components

Actuator: a device that converts an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity such as movement, force, or sound.
Edge processing: a process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device.
Access network: part of the network concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge.
Customer edge device: receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices, provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions.
Mobile edge computer: reduces transmission cost and provides fast interactive response in the computation of off-loading resources.

IoT Architecture

Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) is a standards-based architectural template and methodology that enables Industrial Internet of Things.

Security and Privacy

BSI Kitemark is a recognizable symbol that indicates levels of trust, compliance, security, etc.
California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is a state statue intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California in the United States.
Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP) is a process used by the U.S. federal government to determine how it should treat zero-day computer security and vulnerabilities.

Blockchain

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes.
Permissionless DLTs allow any actor to become a node.
Federated DLT is a permissioned DLT shared across more than one organization.
Features of blockchains: decentralization, immutability, auditability, fault tolerance, and resilience.
Benefits of blockchain: trust, resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance, security, and complete decentralization.

Streaming Data

There are two main types of stream data processing systems: one based on existing relational database principles and another more suitable for streaming data.
Flink is a second-generation stream processing system that utilizes automated scaling.
Lambda architecture supports both stream and batch functionalities, providing accurate and up-to-date, near-real-time results.
Kappa architecture does not have a batch layer, and all data are processed exclusively as streams.
Stream analytics is important for sensing what is happening in the radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum with relatively low-cost sensors.
Spectrum Streamer is a streaming architecture and an open-source library used to ingest time, frequency, and energy values of data in real-time.
Real-time notifications are detected transmissions that can be used to update spectrum occupancy databases or directly notify other devices that a transmission is happening in a certain channel.
Statistical reporting references a report delivered by computational statistics of the detected events, primarily targeting human users for report generation.
Custom applications can be developed to subscribe to the output of the spectrum streamer for report generation.

Organizations

Standards development organizations (SDOs) work to formulate health and safety standards.
Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) is a nonprofit organization created for the promotion of open standards and interoperability for technologies used in industrial and machine-to-machine (M2M) environments.

Processing Data

Batch processing is a process that accumulates new data into disjunctive groups and processes them later.
Stream processing is a process that handles each new piece of data at the time the data is being created, either individually or inside of a rolling window.
Five main operations performed on streaming data: compression, dimensionality reduction, summarization, learning, and visualization.
Compression reduces the occupied space for storing and/or the required bandwidth for transmitting data.
Dimensionality reduction reduces the number of random variables (or dimensions) under consideration.
Summarization transforms the data to provide a representation that best describes the time series under consideration.
Learning and mining involve automating model building from recorded data and using models to extract insights and understand large datasets.
Visualization transforms the data into a visual representation targeted at a human consumer.

Information Consumer

An information consumer wants to join the data revolution and build a new application that draws on multiple disparate sources of data.

IoT Standards

HyperCat is a specification for representing and exposing IoT platform catalogues over Web technologies.
DCAT is a W3C recommendation aimed at facilitating interoperability between data catalogues.

Interoperability

Three main aspects of interoperability: discovery, access control, and usage.
Discovery involves identifying which aggregators contain information of interest and finding specific data sets.
Access control involves facilities that allow information providers to retain control over access.
Data access involves reducing technical barriers faced by both providers and consumers of information.

Types of Data

Sensor data is the initial value required for metadata to be gathered.
Metadata is a set of data that describes and presents information about other data.
Dataset is a key-value pair of data that is relational to the initial query of data from a sensor.

IoT Evolution

First Wave: Hardware related breakthrough that aimed to connect everyday objects to networks.
Second Wave: Development of new sensors and materials as well as communication technologies and protocols.
Third Wave: Data management processing and analytics as well as security, privacy, and trust.

IoT Ecosystem

IoT ecosystem is a set of stakeholders that participate in the deployment of IoT technology and the relationship between them.
Stakeholders include information providers, platform providers, application developers, and end users.

IoT Components

Actuator: a device that converts an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity such as movement, force, or sound.
Edge processing: a process of data aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction, and other logic directly on an IoT sensor or device.
Access network: part of the network concerned with moving data to and from a sensor or edge.
Customer edge device: receives data from and sends commands to IoT devices, provides limited local storage, processing, and networking functions.
Mobile edge computer: reduces transmission cost and provides fast interactive response in the computation of off-loading resources.

IoT Architecture

Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) is a standards-based architectural template and methodology that enables Industrial Internet of Things.

Security and Privacy

BSI Kitemark is a recognizable symbol that indicates levels of trust, compliance, security, etc.
California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) is a state statue intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California in the United States.
Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP) is a process used by the U.S. federal government to determine how it should treat zero-day computer security and vulnerabilities.

Blockchain

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a decentralized database managed by multiple participants across multiple nodes.
Permissionless DLTs allow any actor to become a node.
Federated DLT is a permissioned DLT shared across more than one organization.
Features of blockchains: decentralization, immutability, auditability, fault tolerance, and resilience.
Benefits of blockchain: trust, resilience, adaptability, fault tolerance, security, and complete decentralization.

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Description

Learn about the two main types of stream data processing systems, including Flink and Lambda architecture, which support both stream and batch functionalities.