Strategic Analysis and Requirements Management Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the five components of strategy as identified by Harry Mintzberg?

  • Plan, Ploy, Pattern, Position, Perspective (correct)
  • Plan, Pattern, Position, Project, Perspective
  • Plan, Ploy, Pattern, Position, Procedure
  • Plan, Ploy, Pathway, Position, Perspective

What is the role of strategic context in business analysis?

  • To focus solely on financial outcomes
  • To simplify decision-making processes
  • To enhance the value of business analysis services (correct)
  • To restrict discussion to operational issues only

Which of the following is a benefit of being aware of the strategic context?

  • It limits stakeholder engagement
  • It allows for unquestioned decision-making
  • It encourages analysis and discussion of strategic opportunities (correct)
  • It reduces the complexity of the organization

Which factor is NOT considered a key consideration for the importance of strategy?

<p>Employee satisfaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by an organization's 'current state'?

<p>The organization’s current conditions and situation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the elicitation process?

<p>Gathering requirements from various stakeholder groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is NOT typically used for requirements elicitation?

<p>Performance Testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In requirements management and communications, why is it important to present documented requirements to stakeholders?

<p>To bring the group to consensus on project scope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of enterprise analysis?

<p>Defining business goals the solution must meet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does solutions assessment and validation ensure?

<p>The best approach is chosen and verification is guided (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main question addressed during requirements analysis?

<p>What must the solution do? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an elicitation technique?

<p>Prototyping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of requirements validation?

<p>To verify that documented requirements align with customer expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the non-detection of an error in requirements potentially cost compared to an implementation error?

<p>100 times more (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does NOT form part of the validity criteria in requirements validation?

<p>Is the document consistent with previous project reports? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an Agile project approach, how is the clarity of requirements maintained?

<p>By ongoing refinement until added to the backlog (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the completeness criterion in requirements validation ensure?

<p>All required functions and constraints are included (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes requirements validation from testing?

<p>Validation focuses on customer expectations, while testing checks compliance with specifications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT affect the realism of the requirements?

<p>The acceptance criteria established by stakeholders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not pertain to the consistency criterion of requirements validation?

<p>Do the requirements reflect current market trends? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symbol is used to represent software products that act as an actor in a use case diagram?

<p>Rectangle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a use case represent?

<p>An actor's wants from a system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a large box that encompasses all use cases in a diagram?

<p>System boundary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of link allows reuse of common steps across multiple use cases?

<p>Include (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in data modeling, as mentioned?

<p>Creating a data dictionary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagram is NOT one of the two standard techniques for data modeling?

<p>BPMN (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of modeling the process perspective?

<p>Defining and documenting functional requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a technique used in modeling business processes?

<p>BPMN (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mutable requirements primarily influenced by?

<p>Changes in the system environment or domain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of emerging requirements?

<p>They arise as the understanding of the system evolves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Source traceability is specifically concerned with linking requirements to what?

<p>The stakeholders who proposed the requirements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does vertical traceability primarily facilitate?

<p>Aligning technical requirements with business values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of requirement results from the introduction of another system?

<p>Consequential requirements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does backward traceability allow stakeholders to determine?

<p>The source of a feature or requirement from later points (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of volatile requirement?

<p>Static requirements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does horizontal traceability help stakeholders achieve?

<p>Tracing requirements from inception to delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the linear project approach compared to the agile project approach?

<p>Requirements are documented prior to development and signed off. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of a requirements catalog in linear projects?

<p>User role perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a user story in agile projects?

<p>To outline the features required from a user's perspective. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of user story development, what does the '3Cs' framework stand for?

<p>Card, Conversation, and Confirmation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes an epic in agile projects?

<p>An epic combines several user stories into a larger feature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of the Agile project approach?

<p>Allowing requirements to evolve during the development process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the structure of a user story written using the standard format?

<p>As a user role, I want a capability so that I can benefit from it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of requirements in an agile approach?

<p>Requirements are loosely defined and allow for flexibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the role of 'Conversation' in the 3Cs framework?

<p>User stories prompt discussions to explore requirements in depth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Elicitation

The process of gathering information about stakeholder needs, including their tasks, knowledge, and desired outcomes.

Brainstorming

A structured technique to generate ideas from a group of people for brainstorming, problem-solving, or requirement gathering.

Focus Groups

A technique where stakeholders discuss a topic, often facilitated by a moderator, providing insights and feedback.

Interviewing

A method of gathering information through formal or informal conversations with individuals to understand their needs, perspectives, and requirements.

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Observation

The process of observing stakeholder behaviors and interactions in their natural environment to identify needs, challenges, and opportunities.

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Prototyping

A method of creating a sample version of a product or service to test and refine requirements with stakeholders.

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Requirements Workshop

A structured meeting where stakeholders collaboratively define and analyze their needs, creating a shared understanding of project goals.

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Survey/Questionnaire

A method of collecting data through questionnaires or surveys sent to a wide audience, enabling analysis of collective preferences and perspectives.

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Current State

The organization's present situation, including resources, capabilities, and market position.

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Target State

The organization's desired future, including goals, objectives, and how it wants to be perceived.

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Strategic Plan

The roadmap or plan outlining how the organization will move from its current state to its desired target state.

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Ploy

A set of actions and decisions taken to achieve a strategic goal.

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Strategic Context

Understanding the overall direction and purpose of the organization.

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Requirements Validation

Ensuring the documented requirements accurately reflect what the customer truly wants.

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Cost of Requirement Errors

The cost of fixing an error in requirements is significantly higher than fixing a development error.

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Validation vs Testing

Verifying that documented requirements match the customer's expectations.

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Formal Requirements Validation

A formal review and approval process for documented requirements.

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Informal Requirements Validation

A more informal approach, but still requiring clarity and refinement before implementation.

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Requirements Validity

Do the requirements accurately reflect the customer's needs and expectations?

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Requirements Consistency

Are there any conflicting or contradictory requirements?

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Requirements Completeness

Are all essential functions and constraints included in the requirements?

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Volatile requirements

Requirements that change during development or when the system is in use.

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Mutable requirements

Requirements that change due to the system environment or the domain.

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Emerging requirements

Requirements that emerge as the understanding of the system develops.

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Consequential requirements

Requirements that result from the introduction of another computer system or any other solution introduced in the business (change of work processes).

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Compatibility requirements

Requirements that depend on other systems or organizational processes.

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Backwards traceability

The ability to trace the source of a feature or requirement from any later point in the business change or software development cycle. "What was the source for this requirement and who raised it?"

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Forwards traceability

The ability to identify any requirement and track where it has been developed and implemented. "What happened to this requirement?"

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Vertical traceability

Tracing a requirement up or down the requirements hierarchy.

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Use Case Diagram

A visual representation of how actors interact with a system and what functionalities they need.

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Actor (in Use Case Diagram)

A stick figure that represents a user or external system interacting with a software system.

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Use Case (in Use Case Diagram)

A description of a specific goal an actor wants to achieve with the system, including necessary actions and expected system responses.

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System Boundary

A rectangle in a Use Case Diagram that represents a software system in which actors interact.

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Association (in Use Case Diagram)

A line connecting an actor with a Use Case in a diagram, indicating that an actor can interact with a specific functionality.

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Include Relationship (in Use Case Diagram)

A special link in a Use Case Diagram that shows how one Use Case reuses steps from another Use Case, reducing redundancy and improving clarity.

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Extend Relationship (in Use Case Diagram)

A special link in a Use Case Diagram that shows how one Use Case extends another Use Case with additional steps under specific conditions.

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Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

A visual representation of entities (data items) and their relationships in a system, helping to understand and design databases.

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Linear Project Approach

A project approach where requirements are defined in detail upfront and changes are managed through formal processes.

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Agile Project Approach

A project approach where requirements are outlined early but evolve iteratively as development progresses.

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Waterfall Model

A traditional project management approach where phases are sequential and completed one at a time.

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Scrum

An iterative and incremental agile framework that uses short cycles called sprints.

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Requirements Catalogue

A structured document commonly used in linear projects to capture requirements in a tabular format.

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User Story

A short user-centric statement describing a feature or functionality desired by users.

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3Cs Framework

A framework for developing user stories, emphasizing three elements: card, conversation, and confirmation.

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Standard User Story Format

A standard format for writing user stories, using the 'As a...', 'I want...', 'So that...' structure.

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Epic

A collection of related user stories that represent a larger feature or initiative.

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Acceptance Criteria

A set of criteria used to evaluate whether a user story has been successfully implemented.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course title: Business Analysis / Business Analyse
  • Course code: D0168A - D0181A
  • Professor: Dr. Jochen De Weerdt
  • Academic year: 2024 - 2025
  • Institution: KU LEUVEN, Faculty of Economics and Business

Part I: Business Analysis (BA)

  • BA1: Introduction to Business Analysis:

    • What is Business Analysis?
      • Defining needs and recommending solutions to enable change within an enterprise.
      • The goal is to deliver value to stakeholders
    • Role of a Business Analyst:
      • Liaison among stakeholders to elicit, analyze, communicate and validate requirements for changes.
      • Focus on business needs, aligns business needs with IT (information technology) capabilities.
    • Competencies of a Business Analyst:
      • Problem-solving, facilitation, negotiation, architectural design, planning, communication, and expertise.
    • BA Planning and Monitoring:
      • Knowledge areas encompass elicitation, collaboration, strategy analysis, requirements analysis and design definition, solution evaluation, and requirements life cycle management.
    • Stakeholder Engagement:
      • Identifying and managing stakeholders who have a relationship (value change or influence) with the solution or change.
    • Important related models:
      • BACCM (Business Analysis, Change, Context, Capabilities, Management): A framework.
    • Supporting lecture material (resources):
      • Milani, F. (2019) Digital Business Analysis, Springer. (Chapters 1, 6, 7)
  • Part I supporting info:

    • Proliferation of IT systems (1980s)
    • Project success rates (CHAOS report): Project success by size, (e.g. large, medium, small)
    • Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK): Standard for business analysis; a collection of concepts, activities, deliverables, competencies, etc.

Part II: Business Process Management (BPM)

  • BPM1: Introduction to BPM:

    • The world of Business Process Management (BPM): Principles, methods and tools for designing, analyzing, executing, and monitoring business processes
    • The BPM lifecycle: Key steps in process management
    • Process discovery: as-is process modelling: Identifying and documenting existing processes
  • Further BPM study points:

    • Supporting lecture material: Dumas, La Rosa, Mendling, & Reijers (2018) Fundamentals of Business Process Management; Chapters 1, 2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 -Phenomena of interest: Business processes; definition and examples e.g. order-to-cash process, etc. -Process Enumeration and types e.g. core, support, management. -Process scoping; Value chain modeling
    • Reference models: APQC, TOGAF, and various frameworks for process design and management -Process architecture hierarchical view and levels
  • BPM2: Essential Process Modelling: Process modeling languages, control flow, subprocesses, repetition. (BPMN) Various BPMN notations: Petri nets, YAWL, EPCs, UML activity diagrams, BPEL, and IDEF3

  • BPM3: Advanced Process Modelling: Process modeling with BPMN: events, exception handling, resource modelling, and data modelling.

  • BPM4: Process Model Verification, Validation and Certification: Process model quality assurance, Syntactic quality – Verification, Semantic quality – Validation, Pragmatic quality – Certification, case study: predicting errors in process models

Part III: Requirements Engineering

  • BA3: Requirements Engineering What is a requirement?, Types of Requirements e.g. Business Requirements, Stakeholder Requirements, Solution Requirements (Functional, Non- Functional, Transition), Requirements Modeling, Requirements Documentation, Requirements Management

Part IV: Delivery of Solution and Project Management

  • BA4: Delivery of Solution and Project Management: Making the Business Case, Solution Development Approaches, Testing the Solution, Delivering the Solution, Conclusion

General

  • Summary: Includes key concepts and takeaways regarding business analysis and process management

  • What should you know and what to do? A summary and guidelines for each section on what concepts to focus on to be able to perform and pass the modules.

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