Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to SNIA, what is the definition of data?
According to SNIA, what is the definition of data?
- Reorganized and reordered information by humans.
- Valuable and logical facts that are easily transmitted.
- The digital representation of anything in any form. (correct)
- Processed data that includes context, relevance and purpose.
Which of the following is NOT a basic step in the data processing cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a basic step in the data processing cycle?
- Output
- Processing
- Storage (correct)
- Input
What transforms data into information?
What transforms data into information?
- Compression
- Context (correct)
- Lifecycle
- Redundancy
What is the term for a weather forecast in the context of data and information?
What is the term for a weather forecast in the context of data and information?
Which of the following best describes Information Lifecycle Management (ILM)?
Which of the following best describes Information Lifecycle Management (ILM)?
Data is stored in a wide range of physical formats. Which of the following is NOT typically considered such a format?
Data is stored in a wide range of physical formats. Which of the following is NOT typically considered such a format?
What is "data processing" meant to achieve in the world of information technology?
What is "data processing" meant to achieve in the world of information technology?
How does scale-out storage enhance storage server efficiency?
How does scale-out storage enhance storage server efficiency?
What does storage virtualization consolidate, according to the content?
What does storage virtualization consolidate, according to the content?
The cloud storage system achieves scalability for enterprises through what means?
The cloud storage system achieves scalability for enterprises through what means?
Historically why has Solid State Drive (SSD) technology not been as immediately popular as traditional spinning disc Hard Disc Drive (HDD) technology?
Historically why has Solid State Drive (SSD) technology not been as immediately popular as traditional spinning disc Hard Disc Drive (HDD) technology?
Between which years did disks start to enter the civil market?
Between which years did disks start to enter the civil market?
What is the purpose of NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) concerning data storage?
What is the purpose of NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) concerning data storage?
What is the primary function of disk interfaces in storage systems??
What is the primary function of disk interfaces in storage systems??
What is the aim of the evolution of RAID technologies?
What is the aim of the evolution of RAID technologies?
In scale-out switched networking, what is the role of the ETH management network ports?
In scale-out switched networking, what is the role of the ETH management network ports?
Why are caches added to disk drives?
Why are caches added to disk drives?
What determines the disk capacity, according to the material covered?
What determines the disk capacity, according to the material covered?
A disk must provide a simple port for accessing data. Therefore, what is commonly used for access with physical ports?
A disk must provide a simple port for accessing data. Therefore, what is commonly used for access with physical ports?
What is the function of a 'controller' in the context of a storage system?
What is the function of a 'controller' in the context of a storage system?
Which storage component's service life is determined by the number of program/erase cycles?
Which storage component's service life is determined by the number of program/erase cycles?
In SSD architecture, flash memory chips are used.
In SSD architecture, flash memory chips are used.
What is the function of the Flash Translation Layer (FTL) in SSDs?
What is the function of the Flash Translation Layer (FTL) in SSDs?
On an HDD, numbers 1 to 8 can be transmitted a number of ways. If transmitting using 'Parallel Transmission', what is true about the system?
On an HDD, numbers 1 to 8 can be transmitted a number of ways. If transmitting using 'Parallel Transmission', what is true about the system?
In regards to the types of disks, SATA is short for serial ATA. What are the advantages of it?
In regards to the types of disks, SATA is short for serial ATA. What are the advantages of it?
If you are required to use 'Storage class memory' what is one advantage?
If you are required to use 'Storage class memory' what is one advantage?
Why is it crucial to handle disk and device cables appropriately?
Why is it crucial to handle disk and device cables appropriately?
If scaling-up Smart Disk Enclosures, which are the correct steps?
If scaling-up Smart Disk Enclosures, which are the correct steps?
In scale-out switched networking what is the purpose of the 'ETH management' network port?
In scale-out switched networking what is the purpose of the 'ETH management' network port?
Based on the history of Storage Architecture, when did 'external storage' become a thing?
Based on the history of Storage Architecture, when did 'external storage' become a thing?
Based on where we are going, what must Datacenters adopt from the next era?
Based on where we are going, what must Datacenters adopt from the next era?
Why must a system implement ‘unstable latency under high concurrency’?
Why must a system implement ‘unstable latency under high concurrency’?
What is non-volatile memory's access speed like compared to NAND?
What is non-volatile memory's access speed like compared to NAND?
If two hosts both run fibre channel and are connected to a fibre channel switch, how many ports will it take up (in total)?
If two hosts both run fibre channel and are connected to a fibre channel switch, how many ports will it take up (in total)?
If using Fibre Channel and the devices need more throughput and better protection from packet loss what is the next step?
If using Fibre Channel and the devices need more throughput and better protection from packet loss what is the next step?
What is the nature of 'Data'?
What is the nature of 'Data'?
What can data centers store that is described as being ‘valuable and logical’?
What can data centers store that is described as being ‘valuable and logical’?
What is one item on the data and information list that the 'ESSENCE' is?
What is one item on the data and information list that the 'ESSENCE' is?
What type of storage is NOT directly connected to a server, but connects via network rather?
What type of storage is NOT directly connected to a server, but connects via network rather?
If looking to expand a system that is running low on storage, which expansion is suitable and will help you find it?
If looking to expand a system that is running low on storage, which expansion is suitable and will help you find it?
Based on solid-state device history, what was one of the first known manufactures to produce an SSD?
Based on solid-state device history, what was one of the first known manufactures to produce an SSD?
If a business has the opportunity to implement All-Flash, what is their expected outcome?
If a business has the opportunity to implement All-Flash, what is their expected outcome?
If a company aims to reduce costs and power consumption what kind of HDD do they tend to implement?
If a company aims to reduce costs and power consumption what kind of HDD do they tend to implement?
Before one can implement scale what must occur?
Before one can implement scale what must occur?
Which of the following is a disk drive in the form of a circuit that is easily accessible?
Which of the following is a disk drive in the form of a circuit that is easily accessible?
What is the primary focus of courses detailing data storage?
What is the primary focus of courses detailing data storage?
What is data considered to be, before it is rendered in a useful format?
What is data considered to be, before it is rendered in a useful format?
Which of the following is an advantage of data processing?
Which of the following is an advantage of data processing?
Which term describes management from information creation to obsolescence?
Which term describes management from information creation to obsolescence?
In a data storage system, what is the function of the 'cache'?
In a data storage system, what is the function of the 'cache'?
What is the main goal behind the scattering of data across multiple independent storage servers in a scale-out storage configuration?
What is the main goal behind the scattering of data across multiple independent storage servers in a scale-out storage configuration?
What does storage virtualization primarily achieve??
What does storage virtualization primarily achieve??
What is the main way cloud storage provides scalability for businesses??
What is the main way cloud storage provides scalability for businesses??
What is the primary element determining an SSD's lifespan?
What is the primary element determining an SSD's lifespan?
In the progression of flash memory technologies, what is a defining characteristic of Quad-Level Cell (QLC) flash memory?
In the progression of flash memory technologies, what is a defining characteristic of Quad-Level Cell (QLC) flash memory?
What advantage does Storage Class Memory (SCM) offer
What advantage does Storage Class Memory (SCM) offer
What is a key benefit of using NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) for data storage?
What is a key benefit of using NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) for data storage?
"SATA ports use serial transmission, which is quicker than IDE ports.’, is this true?
"SATA ports use serial transmission, which is quicker than IDE ports.’, is this true?
What is the role of a 'controller' in the context of a storage system?
What is the role of a 'controller' in the context of a storage system?
What primary purpose do interface protocols serve in the context of disk-host connections?
What primary purpose do interface protocols serve in the context of disk-host connections?
In the context of storage networks, what was a primary limitation of the Fibre Channel protocol?
In the context of storage networks, what was a primary limitation of the Fibre Channel protocol?
What is the core function of the Flash Translation Layer (FTL)?
What is the core function of the Flash Translation Layer (FTL)?
Within a Solid State Drive are Flash memory chips which are used for storage. What are the components called that are responsible for the unit and storage unit??
Within a Solid State Drive are Flash memory chips which are used for storage. What are the components called that are responsible for the unit and storage unit??
In the characteristics for storage in the Intelligence Era, what must occur to keep costs low when utilizing ‘warm and cold’ data?
In the characteristics for storage in the Intelligence Era, what must occur to keep costs low when utilizing ‘warm and cold’ data?
Richard Feynman, a physicist, mentioned the concept of which type of storage in the year 1959?
Richard Feynman, a physicist, mentioned the concept of which type of storage in the year 1959?
Flashcards
What is Data?
What is Data?
SNIA defines it as the digital representation of anything in any form.
What is Data Processing?
What is Data Processing?
Reorganization of data by humans or machines to increase value.
What is Information?
What is Information?
Processed, structured data with context, relevance, and purpose.
What is ILM?
What is ILM?
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What is Data Storage?
What is Data Storage?
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What is SAN?
What is SAN?
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What is NAS?
What is NAS?
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What is Scale-out Storage?
What is Scale-out Storage?
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What is Storage Virtualization?
What is Storage Virtualization?
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What is Cloud Storage?
What is Cloud Storage?
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What is Storage Class Memory?
What is Storage Class Memory?
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What are Interface Protocols?
What are Interface Protocols?
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What is DAS?
What is DAS?
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What is RAID?
What is RAID?
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What is Mirroring?
What is Mirroring?
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How Does RAID 6 P+Q Work?
How Does RAID 6 P+Q Work?
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What is RAID 10?
What is RAID 10?
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What is RAID 50?
What is RAID 50?
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What is Chunk Grouping?
What is Chunk Grouping?
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Volume vs LUN?
Volume vs LUN?
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Components of Intelligent Data Storage?
Components of Intelligent Data Storage?
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Al in Data Storage?
Al in Data Storage?
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Intelligent Data Storage Components?
Intelligent Data Storage Components?
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History of Interface Protocols?
History of Interface Protocols?
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Storage Class Memory (SCM)
Storage Class Memory (SCM)
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what a Power Module do?
what a Power Module do?
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what consists a disk enclosure?
what consists a disk enclosure?
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what consists controller enclosure?
what consists controller enclosure?
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What is serial and parallax interface?
What is serial and parallax interface?
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Storage in the intelligence?
Storage in the intelligence?
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What is average access technology?
What is average access technology?
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SSD
SSD
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Always-on
Always-on
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Storage Tiers?
Storage Tiers?
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Study Notes
- The following are study notes from the provided text
Storage Technology Trends
- The content will define information and data in the computer fields
- The content will review development history of data storage
- The content will explain the development trend of data storage products
What is Data
- Data, according to the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA), is the digital representation of anything. Note that this can be email or digital music
Data Types
- Data exist in 3 forms:
- Structured
- Semi-structured
- Unstructured
Data Processing Cycle
- Data processing is how humans / machines reorg and reorder data to increase value
- The Data processing cycle has three basic steps: input, processing, and output
What is Information
- Information is data that is processed, structured, or rendered in a given context to make it meaningful and useful
- Information is processed data, including data with context, relevance, and purpose, and involves the manipulation of raw data
Data vs Information
- After being processed, data can be converted into information.
- In order to be stored and transmitted in IT systems, information needs to be processed as data.
| Item | Data | Information |
|---|---|---|
| Feature | Raw and meaningless, with no specific purpose | Valuable and logical |
| Essence | Original materials | Processed data |
| Dependence | Data never depends on information | Information data |
| Example | Meteorological data or satellite image data | Weather forecasts |
Information Lifecycle Management
- Information lifecycle management (ILM) is management theories/methods from information generation to where it's deleted
Data Storage
- Data Storage can be viewed in both a broad and narrow sense
Data Storage System
- Composed of Storage hardware, software, and solutions, including:
- Disaster recovery (DR) solutions
- Backup solutions
- Storage management software
- Snapshot and mirroring software
- Multipathing software
- Connection elements like HBA cards, switches, cables
- Virtual tape library
Physical Structure of Storage
- Components include (but are not limited to):
- Hosts
- Network switching devices
- Front-end boards of controllers
- Cache
- Back-end boards of controllers
- Connectors
- Disks
- NAS gateway
- Storage management software
- Storage application software
Data Storage Types
- Divided into internal and external storage
- Internal encompasses DAS (Direct Attached Storage)
- External covers FAS (Flash Array Storage), SAN (Storage Area Network), NAS (Network Attached Storage), and Object Storage
Evolution of Data Management Technologies
- Progression is Manual to Automated: moving from manual management through file systems, traditional database management systems, dedicated storage/scale-out devices, to big data management
Data Storage Application
- Data is classified into Online, Nearline and Offline storage based on access frequency
- Activities relate to:
- Data generation
- Data processing
- Data management
Development of Storage Technologies
- Includes advancements in:
- Storage Architecture
- Storage Media
- Interface Protocols
History of Storage Architecture Development
- Storage architecture has moved from:
- 1950s Traditional storage
- 1980s External storage
- 1990s Storage network
- 2000s Scale-out storage & Cloud storage
From Disk to Disk Arrays Evolution
- Moved from Disks in a Server to Early External Storage to Storage Arrays
From Separation to Convergence
- Technologies have moved such that:
- SAN (Storage Area Networks) and NAS (Network Attached Storage) are being converged into Unified Storage
Scale-out Storage
- Organizes physical resources use software to to form a reliable high-performance logical storage pool
- These storage pools must be reliable and offer multiple services
Storage Virtualization
- Combines storage devices logical resources, thus providing all comprehensive and unified storage services
Cloud Storage
- Systems combines various storage devices, applications, and services
- Uses highly virtualized multi-tenant infrastructure provide scalable storage resources for enterprises
- Storage resources must be dynamically configured based on the requirements of each organization
- Cloud storage must be Converged, Elastic, and Open
Development of Storage Technologies
- Includes advancements in:
- Storage Architecture
- Storage Media
- Interface Protocols
History of HDDs
- HDD development features Larger capacity with the being made in smaller sizes
| Dates | Media |
|---|---|
| 1950s-1960s | Giant disk |
| 1960s-1970s | 14-inch disk |
| 1970s-1980s | 8-inch disk |
| 1980s-1990s | Portable |
| Post-1990s | Microdrive |
History of SSDs
- Solid-state drives (SSDs) were invented almost as early as HDDs but were not popular at that time due to its high price and the rapid development of HDDs at the end of the 20th century.
- With the requirement for high access speed, SSDs are booming.
| Date | Innovation | Size |
|---|---|---|
| 1967 | Ball Labs Floating Gate Transistor Launched | 2MB |
| 1976 | First Dataram Solid States | 20MB |
| 1999 | SSD Technology | 18GB |
| 2006 | Samsung released a solid-state hard drive | 32GB |
Development of Flash Memory
- Flash memory is improved by multi-layering
| Technology | SLCs | MLCs | TLCs | QLCs | SCM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speed | Fast | Moderate | Mature | Larger Cheaper | Slightly slower than memory but much faster than NAND |
The development of SCM technology
- Storage class memory improves upon NAND in access speed
| SCM Type | DRAM | NAND Flash | PCRAM | ReRAM | MRAM | NRAM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-volatility | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Read Latency | 10-60 | 25micro sec | 48ns | <10ns | <10ns | <30ns |
| Write Latency | 10-60 | 200micro sec | 40-150ns | ~10ns | 12.5ns | 50micro sec |
| Erasable Times | > 10^15 | 10^4 | 10^8 | 10^5 | > 10^15 | > 10^14 |
| Addressing Unit | Byte | Page | Byte | Byte | Byte | Byte |
Interface Protocols
- Disk interfaces connect and the protocols allow for communication
History of Interface Protocols
- Starting with host / disk interfaces
- 2G FC in 1994
- 4 Interfaces as of 2020 :
- 400G - Ethernet
- NVMe - -OF 1.1 (TCP)
- NVMe -OF (FC-NVMe)
- SAS - SATA IV
NVMe and NVMe-oF
- NVMe
- Improves Performance
- Reduces Latency
- NVME-oF
- Potential High Bandwidth
- Accelerates data data transmission
History of Storage products
- History of Storage Products is the Development of data mediums from HDD to SDD
- Data architecture from centralized to scale-out
- Data management from manual O&M to Intelligent O&M
The Intelligence Era
- The intelligence Era is coming with AI integration to Agriculture
- AI is used in Data-Driven decision making
The challenges to Storage
- Includes:
- service interuption
- time constraints
- managing costs
- Low data compression
- The latency under high data concurrency
Striving for value
- As such development goals include:
- real time processing
- reduced TCO
- Increased Reliability, level
- Data Monetization
Characteristics of Storage in the intelligence era
- Encompasses:
- Storage in the Intelligence Era
- Intelligent data lifecycle management
- Data convergence
- Zero data migration
- Data Collaboration
- Architecture equals efficient storage
- Robust reliable
- Large Capacity
- High performance Value for Per-Bit Data
Data Storage Trend
- Data Storage is shifting towards General-Purpose Computing Big Data DNA Tensor Quantum dot RoCE/NMVe CXL
Optical Storage Technology
- Blue-ray storage with a high reliability and TB level storage is being replaced and the data storage for enterprise
DNA Data Storage
- DNA - Synthetic structure can store vast amounts of data in freezable space
- Limitations include Cost and search
- The small the data the higher the capacity of Atomic storage
Quantum Storage
- Quantum- Is the data processing unit that can process data very quickly due to the transfer of electrons with a computer that can transfer data at the speed of light with bottlenecks with processing
- Limitations include Efficiency, high noise, and operating environment
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Description
Explore data storage trends, defining data and information in computing. Learn about the history and types of data, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured forms. Understand the data processing cycle and how it enhances data value.
