Storage Technologies
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of scale-out storage?

  • To consolidate storage devices into logical resources.
  • To scatter data across multiple independent storage servers for scalability. (correct)
  • To combine multiple storage devices into a single virtualized pool.
  • To provide unified management functions for all storage types.

Storage virtualization provides different functions based on differing storage forms and device types.

False (B)

In cloud storage, what type of infrastructure is utilized to provide scalable storage resources?

virtualized multi-tenant infrastructure

A cloud storage system uses highly ______ multi-tenant infrastructure to provide scalable storage resources.

<p>virtualized</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the storage service with its corresponding type:

<p>Block storage service = Raw storage volumes, ideal for databases and applications. File storage service = Data stored in a hierarchical file system, suitable for document storage and sharing. Object storage service = Data stored as objects with metadata, designed for scalability and accessibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following storage technologies saw disks 'enter the civil market'?

<p>8-inch disk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insanely Difficult: Extrapolating from the HDD history, what innovation enabled the shift from 14-inch disks (like the IBM 3340) to 8-inch disks, considering only physical size and market accessibility?

<p>improved miniaturization techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are typically found within the control unit of an SSD?

<p>SSD controller, host interface, and DRAM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

NAND flash is a volatile memory medium, meaning it retains data only when power is supplied.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operation must be performed on a block of NAND flash memory before new data can be written to it?

<p>erase</p> Signup and view all the answers

In NAND flash memory, a program/erase (P/E) cycle involves erasing a block and then ______ it again.

<p>writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the number of planes within a LUN (Logical Unit Number) in NAND flash architecture concerning total IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) performance?

<p>Having more planes within a LUN can, under ideal circumstances, allow for increased parallelism, potentially increasing the total IOPS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which storage technology is designed to improve performance and reduce latency by utilizing PCIe?

<p>NVMe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

NVMe-oF is primarily designed to limit data transmission speeds within a storage network.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the two storage architectures mentioned in the content.

<p>Centralized or Scale-out</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of storage product evolution, moving from manual O&M to __________ is seen as a key trend.

<p>Intelligent O&amp;M</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical ages with their corresponding focus:

<p>Steam Age = Agriculture Electricity Age = Industry Information Age = Cloud computing Intelligence Age = Service extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prominent challenge related to data storage in the context of the 'Intelligence Era'?

<p>Service interruption due to multiple points of failure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 'Intelligence Era', what is the target device-level reliability for data storage solutions?

<p>99.99999% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What data storage trend does the acronym 'HCI' stand for?

<p>Hyper-converged Infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assuming a uniform rate of technological advancement, estimate the data storage capacity of a 'Quantum Dot' storage medium relative to 'Biomolecule' storage.

<p>Approximately Equivalent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily determines throughput for sequential I/Os on a disk?

<p>Rotation speed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A disk's cache is implemented to compensate for the speed difference between the CPU and the disk.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two components primarily determine the average access time of a disk?

<p>Average seek time and average latency time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disk capacity is calculated by multiplying the number of cylinders, heads, and sectors by ______ bytes.

<p>512</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following disk performance factors with their description:

<p>Rotation Speed = Determines the throughput in the case of sequential I/Os Seek Speed = Affects the random I/O performance Single Platter Capacity = Indirect factor for disk performance Port Speed = The least important factor for disk performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has the LEAST impact on disk performance?

<p>Port speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The external transfer rate refers to the speed at which data moves within the disk itself.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does IOPS stand for, and why is it significant?

<p>Input/Output operations per second, it is a key indicator to measure disk performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A storage system consists of disks with the following characteristics: 10,000 RPM, average seek time of 5ms, and 512 bytes per sector. Assuming all other overheads are negligible, what is the approximate maximum IOPS the system can achieve for small, random reads?

<p>100 IOPS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a disk array with 10 disks, each having a sustained transfer rate of 200 MB/s. If the array is configured in RAID 0 (striping), what is the maximum theoretical bandwidth of the array, and how does it scale with additional disks, assuming no overhead?

<p>2 GB/s, scales linearly with the number of disks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors determine IOPS?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transmission bandwidth refers to the seek time of a storage device.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between parallel and serial transmission?

<p>Parallel transmission uses multiple lines to transmit data simultaneously, while serial transmission uses a single line to transmit data sequentially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In serial transmission, the receiving end obtains all the data after ______ transmissions, where each transmission sends one piece of data.

<p>eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following disk ports with their corresponding instruction systems:

<p>IDE port = ATA instruction system Parallel SCSI port = SCSI instruction system SATA port = ATA instruction system Serial SCSI (SAS) port = SCSI instruction system Fibre Channel port = SCSI instruction system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ATA stand for?

<p>Advanced Technology Attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An IDE disk is also known as a SCSI disk.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If writing 5,000 files each 2 KB in size takes 5 seconds, what is the approximate transmission bandwidth?

<p>2 MB/s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how increasing the number of lines in a parallel transmission system affects its performance, and what limitations might arise from this increase?

<p>Increasing the number of lines enhances transmission rates by sending more bits simultaneously. However, limitations include increased complexity, cost, potential for skew (arrival time differences), and crosstalk, which can degrade signal integrity at higher speeds and distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assuming the data transmission time is negligible, halving the seek time and rotational latency would theoretically ______ the IOPS.

<p>double</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scale-Out Storage

Spreads data across many independent storage servers, sharing storage loads and using location servers to find data.

Storage Virtualization

Combines storage devices into unified logical resources, offering comprehensive storage services.

Cloud Storage System

Combines storage devices, applications, and services with scalable resources dynamically configured for organizations.

Storage Media

Physical material on which data is stored. (e.g., HDDs, SSDs, tapes).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hard disk drives (HDDs)

HDDs are storage devices with a magnetic coating that store data on rotating disks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HDD Evolution

HDDs have evolved from giant disks to microdrives over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interface Protocols

Protocols define the rules for communication between devices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SSD Components

The control unit contains the SSD controller, host interface, and DRAM, while the storage unit consists of NAND flash memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAND Flash Structure

NAND flash memory is organized into LUNs, planes, blocks, pages, and cells. These form the hierarchy for storing data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAND Flash Operations

Operations performed on NAND flash include erasing, programming (writing), and reading data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAND Flash Volatility

NAND flash retains data even without power, making it suitable for long-term storage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NAND Flash Erase Requirement

A block must be erased before new data can be written to it. The program/erase (P/E) cycle involves erasing a block and then writing new data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express)

A storage interface standard improving performance and reducing latency through the PCIe interface.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NVMe-oF (NVMe over Fabrics)

Extends NVMe by enabling low-latency, high-bandwidth data transmission across storage networks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intelligent O&M

Transition from manual to automated operations using intelligent algorithms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Storage Product Trends

Storage that scales out, utilizes all-flash memory, and incorporates intelligent management.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Characteristics of Storage in the Intelligence Era

High reliability, large capacity, and high performance are key.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Storage Trend

Data storage trends are moving towards scale-out architectures, cloud integration, and AI-driven solutions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Convergence

Converging SAN and NAS, intelligent storage tiering, and multi-service convergence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Optical Storage Technology

Offers long service life and stable storage using gold nanostructured glass.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA Data Storage

Uses synthetic DNA molecules to store vast amounts of data for thousands of years.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disk Capacity Calculation

Disk capacity is calculated by multiplying the number of cylinders, heads, sectors, and bytes per sector (typically 512).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why Disk Cache?

A cache is added to disk to improve the read/write speed because CPU processing speed is much faster than that of a disk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rotation Speed Impact

Rotation speed primarily determines throughput during sequential I/Os.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Seek Speed Impact

Seek speed primarily affects random I/O performance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Average Access Time

Average seek time plus average latency time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Average Seek Time

Time for the read/write head to move to the correct track.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Average Latency Time

Time for the desired sector to rotate under the read/write head.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Transfer Rate factors

Internal and External transfer rates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Internal Transfer Rate

Data transfer rate inside the disk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disk IOPS

I/O Operations Per Second, a key metric for measuring disk performance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IOPS

Input/Output Operations Per Second. Determined by seek time, rotational latency, and data transfer rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transmission Bandwidth (Throughput)

The amount of data successfully transmitted in a given amount of time, measuring data stream speed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parallel Transmission

Multiple bits are sent simultaneously over separate channels (wires).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Serial Transmission

Bits are sent sequentially over a single channel (wire)

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disk Ports

The physical connection points on a disk drive that allow data access.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IDE Port

A type of disk port, also known as Parallel ATA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ATA

Stands for Advanced Technology Attachment. Refers to disks using the IDE/ATA standard.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IDE Disk

A disk that uses the ATA standard for connection and communication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SATA Port

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment, a newer disk interface.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parallel SCSI Port

Small Computer System Interface; a parallel interface standard for connecting peripherals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • Data carries information during network transmission and influences data storage.
  • Course covers information and data definitions, relationships, data storage concepts, history, and trends.

Learning Objectives

  • Understand data and information definitions.
  • Understand the concept of data storage.
  • Understand the development history of data storage.
  • Understand the development trend of data storage products.

Data and Information

  • Data is the digital representation of anything in any form, as defined by Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA).
  • Data types can be structured, semistructured, or unstructured.
  • Data processing is the reorganization of data to increase its value, and processing cycle includes input, processing, and output.
  • Information is processed data that is structured, or rendered in a context to make it meaningful and useful.
  • Data is raw and meaningless, while information is valuable and logical.
  • Data never relies on information, while information depends on data. An example of data is meteorological or satellite data, and information extracted is the weather forecasts.
  • Information lifecycle management (ILM) is a set of management theories from information generation to deletion. ILM stages move through creation, protection, access, migration, archiving, and destruction.

Data Storage

  • Data storage can be described in both a narrow and broad sense.
  • A data storage system consists of storage hardware, storage software, and solutions.
  • Disaster recovery (DR) and backup solutions are essential components.
  • Physical structure consists of hosts, NAS Gateway, Storage Application and Storage Management software
  • Data storage types include Internal Storage, External Storage, DAS, FAS, SAN, NAS, and Object Storage
  • The evolution of data management technologies has progressed from manual to big data management.
  • Data moves through stages of generation, processing, and management, is classified based on access frequency as online, nearline, and offline storage.

Development of Storage Technologies

  • Traditional storage began in the storage architecture of 1950s.
  • Storage networks emerged External storage was developed in the 1980s.
  • 1990s introduced introduced storage networks and expanded into the 2000s with scale-out and cloud storage solutions.
  • Disks evolved into disk arrays with controllers replacing JBOD.
  • Separation transitioned to convergence, forming unified storage.
  • Scale-out storage uses software to form a high-performance logical storage pool, ensuring reliability and multiple services.
  • Storage virtualization consolidates storage devices into logical resources, providing comprehensive and unified services.
  • Cloud storage combines multiple devices, applications, and services, using virtualized multi-tenant infrastructure with scalable resources.

Development Trend of Storage Technologies

  • HDDs have evolved to have larger capacity with smaller size.
  • SSDs were invented early but gained popularity later due to high access speeds.
  • Flash memory has advanced through single, triple, and quad-level cells and storage class memory.
  • Storage class memory (SCM) is slightly slower that memory but much faster than NAND.
  • PCRAM, ReRAM, MRAM, and NRAM are mainstream SCM media
  • Interface protocols have evolved over time.
  • NVMe improves performance and reduces latency, while NVMe-oF accelerates data transmission across the storage network.
  • The evolution of storage products is trending towards HDD, SSD, cloud centralized, scale-out, all-flash and intelligent O&M.
  • With the coming of the intelligence era, there is a merging of industry, agriculture and service with cloud computing, AI, Big Data and IoT.

Challenges and Characteristics of Storage in the Intelligence Era

  • Data storage faces challenges, including time-consuming RAID reconstruction, service interruption, high disk failure rates, low data compression, inefficient convergence, and unstable concurrency.
  • Essential storage characteristics are 24/7 availability, microsecond-level processing, efficient, large capacity, and data monetization.
  • Storage in the intelligence era aims for intelligence-driven lifecycle management, and data convergence.
  • Seeks to achieve robust reliability, large capacity, and high performance using hardware, algorithms, and architecture.
  • Requires minimum cost and maximum data value per per-bit.
  • Data storage systems are shifting towards scale-out storage.
  • With cloud computing, blockchain and containerizaiton.
  • Are focusing on more general-purpose computing.
  • Include AI, 5G and brain-like computing through emerging technologies
  • Emerging technologies include RoCE/NVMe, optical storage, PCM, biomolecule and quantum dots
  • Optical storage offers long service life and high reliability.
  • Gold nanostructured glass provides long-term stable storage of TBs per disk with low power consumption.
  • DNA data storage offers high density and stability, but has high synthesis costs and slow data processing.
  • Atomic storage arranges atoms for information storage and will have large capacity, but has strict operating requirements.
  • Quantum storage offers the potential for electron replacement with photons and near speed-of-light computing, but lack in storage efficiency, noise and temperature requirements.
  • FC SAN and IP SAN is converging to Converged AI Fabric network.
  • Private FC and IP networks are being replaced with Open Ethernet.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Description

Questions covering scale-out storage, storage virtualization, and cloud storage infrastructure. Also covers SSD control units and NAND flash memory operations.

More Like This

Cloud Storage Quiz
5 questions

Cloud Ready Storage Quiz: Test Your Cloud Storage Knowledge

PoignantRhodolite avatar
PoignantRhodolite
Cloud Storage Flashcards
3 questions

Cloud Storage Flashcards

IllustriousHoneysuckle avatar
IllustriousHoneysuckle
GCP Core Services Cloud Storage Flashcards
28 questions

GCP Core Services Cloud Storage Flashcards

WorthSpruce672 avatar
WorthSpruce672
Cloud Storage Services and EVS Overview
45 questions

Cloud Storage Services and EVS Overview

PeaceableRhodium45 avatar
PeaceableRhodium45
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser