Questions and Answers
What do many religions and philosophies suggest about man in the universe?
Man is not quite alone in the universe and is met in his endeavours towards the good by some external help or sympathy.
What argument did the Stoics draw from the consensus of all mankind?
The assumption of the Eternal Purpose is presented as a definite proof of divine existence.
False
According to psychologists, what has only recently been realized about forces in man?
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Gregarious animals have an instinctive conviction to find their ______ in the universe.
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According to the passage, what might our assumption of a 'Friend behind phenomena' stem from?
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The passage asserts that it is easy to get rid of the belief in the 'Friend behind phenomena.'
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Why have a philosophy of life?
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Stoicism is something you have to believe in.
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What is Stoicism considered as a philosophy of life in modern times?
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Common central themes of philosophy labeled 'Stoic' include:
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It is not things that disturb us, but our judgements about those ______.
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Virtue is necessary and sufficient for what?
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What are passions?
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Feelings always make a person's life good or bad.
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What is an impeccable character (Sage)?
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What is the nature of Stoic exercises?
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What did Stoic education include?
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What is the Stoic view of God or gods?
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What does negative visualization involve?
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What does living 'according to nature' mean in the Stoic philosophy?
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According to the Stoics, what is Phusis?
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According to Stoicism, health and riches are inherently worthless.
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What does the Stoic view say about the role individuals play in God's drama?
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What do Stoics believe about the nature of God's involvement with the world?
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What is the Stoic's view on suffering in relation to others?
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How do Stoics view the concept of decay in nature?
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The Stoics believed that perfection is never ultimately attained.
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What is the ultimate goal in Stoic virtue according to the tradition?
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What does Stoicism primarily represent?
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What are the two broad classes of religions identified?
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Who was the founder of the Stoic school?
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How do Stoics define the real world?
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What principle does Zeno lay down regarding goodness?
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Zeno argues that the judges who give judgments about pleasure are ______.
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Health and pleasure are considered by Stoics as fundamentally good.
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What do the Stoics believe about the function of goodness?
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Why is the name 'Dia' given to the deity?
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What concept do Stoics align with their understanding of goodness?
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What does the name 'Athena' indicate?
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The Stoics believed that nature aims solely at utility.
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Who maintained that all things happen by fate or destiny?
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How did modern Stoics differ from classical Stoics in their beliefs?
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What is virtue according to the Stoics?
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What do the classical Stoics believe the chief good is?
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What did the Stoics think about the relationship between virtue and happiness?
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What does it mean to live in accordance with nature according to the Stoics?
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According to the ancient Greek conception of nature, φύσις/physis refers to the ________ of something.
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How did the pre-Socratics influence the Stoic conception of nature?
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Study Notes
Philosophy of Life
- A cohesive philosophy of life is essential for human flourishing; Stoicism is a prominent Hellenistic philosophy aiming to lead individuals towards a better life.
- Stoicism's notable rivals include Epicureanism, Scepticism, Peripateticism, and Cynicism, all of which share similarities and distinctions with Stoicism.
Commitment to Stoicism
- Engaging with Stoicism doesn't necessitate unwavering belief or life commitment; many find value in reading Stoic texts for inspiration.
- Historical sources indicate a diverse acceptance of Stoicism, with modern individuals interpreting and integrating it into their lives without strict adherence.
Modern Interpretation of Stoicism
- Stoicism serves as a practical guide to daily life, promoting rational decision-making and happiness rooted in sound judgment.
- Distress is viewed as stemming from flawed judgments about good and bad; thus, Stoicism focuses on improving these judgments through study and practice.
Central Themes of Stoicism
- Virtue as the only good and vice as the only evil are fundamental tenets; human character determines what is within our control versus external factors that are not.
- Four cardinal virtues form the core of Stoic ethics: wisdom, justice, courage, and self-control.
Judgments and Emotions
- Disturbance arises not from events but from how they are perceived and judged.
- Human flourishing (eudaimonia) depends entirely on virtue, while passions represent misguided beliefs about good and bad.
Stoic Character and Nature
- An ideal Stoic character (sage) experiences feelings without being overwhelmed by passions, aligning their actions with nature's principles.
- Stoics train to detach judgments from external events, emphasizing the importance of character in moral development.
Historical Context of Stoicism
- Ancient Stoicism was a structured school blending logic, ethics, and physics, focused on personal character transformation.
- Primary sources from Stoic philosophers include texts from Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, and Seneca; many foundational elements have been lost over time.
Key Components of Stoic Education
- Stoic education consists of three pillars: logic (reason), ethics (moral action), and physics (understanding the universe), with interdependence among them.
- Late Roman Stoicism emphasized ethics significantly, with philosophical teachings adapting to personal growth.
Stoic Practices and Exercises
- Notable practices include the "discipline of assent," which encourages conscious observation of impressions and impulses.
- The "discipline of desire" emphasizes discernment regarding control over outcomes, fostering acceptance of what cannot be changed.
- Daily reflection on one's experiences and alignment with nature’s principles is encouraged to enhance decision-making.
Practical Exercises for Stoicism
- Engaging in negative visualization prepares individuals for potential loss and cultivates gratitude.
- Contemplating death and impermanence fosters a deeper appreciation for life and strengthens resolve in the face of challenges.
- Building supportive social bonds through philosophical discussions promotes shared growth and accountability.
Stoic Theism and Views on Deity
- Stoic beliefs about God differ significantly from modern interpretations; ancient Stoics viewed a rational, animate universe where nature parallels deity.
- The Stoic conception of divinity encompasses both a metaphysical presence within the universe and a guardian-like creator that oversees it.
Notable Stoic Doctrines
- The Stoics posited that everything occurs through a system of fate or destiny, shaping their understanding of cause and effect in the universe.
- Nature is seen as integral to both utility and pleasure, indicating a complex relationship between human experience and the cosmos.### Modern Stoicism
- Modern Stoics often reject classical Stoic theology but retain ethical principles, suggesting that ethics hold value even if physics or theology is flawed.
- Stoicism is compatible with various religious frameworks, including Christian and Jewish theologies; early Christians were influenced by Stoic ideas.
- Stoic writings were significant in European higher education, particularly those of Seneca and Cicero, contributing to the Serene character of the Serenity Prayer.
- Many atheists find Stoic ethics align with their materialist views, while modern pantheism may incorporate Stoic ideas on nature and acceptance.
Classical Stoic Views on Physics
- Stoics believed the universe is entirely material, comprised of corporeal bodies and surrounded by void.
- The universe is seen as a solid sphere containing four elemental substances: earth, water, air, and fire, which can coexist in superpositions.
- Universe divided into passive parts (inert) and active parts (pneuma), the latter of which is responsible for movement and action.
- Pneuma's rational aspect is associated with human beings, linking God’s movement to a similar mechanism as human action.
Stoic Concept of Virtue
- Virtue (ἀρετή/arete) represents excellence of character, while kalos (κάλος) refers to moral beauty; both concepts are interconnected.
- Stoicism emphasizes character development over specific moral actions, suggesting that virtuous character leads to morally sound actions.
- Zeno defined moral character as essential for guiding actions, viewing it as the source from which all deeds flow.
Practical Advice from Stoics on Virtue
- Stoic writers assert that the nature of the Supreme Good and virtue is inherently obvious and does not require complicated discourse.
- Virtue is naturally appealing and intuitive, similar to self-love, hence no laws are needed to compel individuals toward honoring virtue.
Understanding Virtuous Behavior
- Recognizing virtue is similar to discerning music, where theoretical explanations are less persuasive than direct experiences and examples.
- Classical Stoics employed descriptions of virtuous actions to argue the significance of living virtuously, relating theoretical concepts back to practical application.
Chief Good and Living in Accordance with Nature
- The chief good is commonly defined as living in accordance with nature, inherently linked to virtue.
- Philosophical discourse dates back to the pre-Socratic era, contrasting nature (physis) with law/custom (nómos), influencing Stoic thought.
- Greek philosophy evolved from mythological explanations of the universe to rational interpretations grounded in nature and human behavior.
Stoics' Views on Nature
- Following nature involves achieving maturity and self-actualization, where vice results from immaturity or external corrupting influences.
- Stoics perceive nature as fundamentally good, advocating for a life aligned with natural growth and rational flourishing.
Stoicism’s Enduring Relevance
- Stoicism serves both as philosophy and religion, adapting to successful and adversarial circumstances, much like Christianity.
- Stoicism was born out of a socio-political context that questioned traditional institutions and sought to define ethical living through personal virtue and societal engagement.
- Zeno, the founder of Stoicism, emerged during a time when classical guidance structures were dismantled, charting a new moral course grounded in individual virtue and rationality.### The Fall of City-States and the Quest for Meaning
- By 320 B.C., the Greek city-states, including Athens, fell to the military might of Alexander and his generals.
- Traditional ideals of self-community within the city were seen as insufficient; a broader community was needed.
- For the Jewish people, the loss of their Holy City was partly mitigated by the belief in the enduring guidance of the Holy One and His Law, in contrast to Greek culture, which lacked a similar authoritative religious structure.
- Greek religious traditions faced criticism and could not keep pace with the people's progress, leading to their decline.
- The failure of traditional gods to protect their worshippers during conflicts suggested that such beliefs were no longer viable.
Zeno’s Philosophical Mission
- Zeno was tasked with creating a new public spirit and a new philosophical guide amid chaos post-320 B.C.
- Central questions for Zeno included "how to live" and "what to believe," with knowledge of truth essential for guiding conduct.
- The Sceptical school, influenced by Plato, cast doubt on the possibility of knowledge, asserting the senses could mislead.
- Zeno dismissed Scepticism and emphasized moving forward to establish clear ethical principles.
Stoic Principles and Ethics
- Zeno asserted the existence of the real, material world, arguing that everything, including concepts of virtue and justice, could be classified as solid matter.
- Stoics believed knowledge stemmed from sense-impressions, which were inherently truthful unless incorrectly interpreted.
- Zeno established a radical ethical principle that "Nothing but Goodness is Good," dismissing conventional goods like health and wealth as ultimate objectives.
- Goodness was framed as the sole worthy pursuit for living, contrasting with societal values.
Nature and Goodness
- Stoics identified goodness with performing one's function effectively within the broader framework of “Phusis,” or Nature.
- Phusis was seen as an evolutionary process working towards the perfection of life and fulfilling the inherent potential in beings.
- Stoics viewed goodness as aligning with Nature’s intent, hence suggesting that every individual could achieve what was worth desiring.
God and Universe in Stoicism
- Phusis was interpreted as a vital, guiding force within all matter, akin to a universal soul or life-force.
- Natural law underpinned Stoic thought, manifesting as a harmonious order of the cosmos, or the extent of causation in the world.
- This perspective led to a pantheistic view, where God was equated with Nature, embodying both life and law.
- Stoicism contended that true freedom existed despite divine order, promoting the idea that individuals could choose to act in harmony with, or against, the divine will.
Dual Nature of Stoicism
- Stoicism embraced two approaches: one ascetic and detached from worldly passions, and the other actively engaged in serving humanity and the greater good.
- The wise individual aligns their will with God’s purpose and finds peace regardless of life's circumstances.
- The concept of helping humanity was framed through mythical allegories, showing that noble deeds could elevate one toward divinity, similar to heroes in Greek myths.
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Explore the fundamentals of Stoicism with our flashcards. Understand why having a cohesive philosophy of life is essential for human flourishing. Dive into the concepts that guide rational thinking and reasoning for a better life.
