Stigma and Deviance

• Stigma is an attribute that discredits a person's moral standing, often exposed through bodily signs or behaviors

Goffman's Three Types of Stigma

• Abominations of the Body: Physical defects like scars, missing limbs, or physical disturbances
• Blemishes of Character: Perceived weaknesses and unnatural passions, such as mental disorders, addictions, or radical beliefs
• Tribal Stigma: Stigma based on race, nationality, or religion, that can contaminate family members

Deviance Explained

• Deviance can be "perceived" violation of norms, concerned with everyday violations of expected behavior, sometimes criminal, sometimes not.
• The umbrella term for all norm violations, where crime is one type, but relatively small in comparison
• Those labelled outsiders and "deviant" do not fit in
• Deviance and norms are socially constructed and vary across time and place

Perspectives on Deviance

• Absolutist Perspective: Deviance is inherent; laws of nature dictate what is acceptable
• Subjective Approach: Norms and deviance are created by society

Crime as Deviance

• Subcategory of deviance, considered deviant by at least some people
• Criminology focuses on the creation, implementation, and violation of laws
• An example of acts considered deviant but often criminalized is drug use
• Some offences are "status offences" limited to a particular segments of the population
• Example of status offence include sumptuary laws restrict consumption of luxury goods for lower classes

Norms

• Norms can be formal (codified) or informal (unwritten)
• Age hegemony sees tendency for people to marry within similar age groups
• Creature release, seen norms for bodily functions like farting or burping

Types of Norms

• Folkways are informal rules, are acceptable, and very powerful
• Mores are formal rules of conduct, legally protected, and based on societal morals
• Illegitimate childbearing and interracial marriage used to be considered mores
• Taboos are strongly ingrained norms; violation can cause convulsion and depend on culture
• Example of Taboo Miscegenation (interracial) was seen as a taboo

Conformity

• Humans have a natural tendency, unconformity has consequences, and pressure to conform is a social structure
• Acceptance is axiomatic or assumed in society

Counterculture and Subculture

• Counterculture: challenges conventional norms
• Subculture: groups with different values and norms, but that is not necessarily bad

Social Control

• Exercised both informally and formally with positive (rewards) and negative consequences
• Informal Social Control: Informal and applied to folkways violations, mainly by those who know you

Informal Social Control Effectiveness

• Typically non-verbal, and less effective from strangers
• Those with power or wealth are more immune
• Goal is impression management, but could result in devaluation of personal worth

Formal Social Control

• Formal and sanctions applied to more or taboos violations
• Codified and has real consequences, where police, state, and military enforce
• "Imputation specialist" charges those violating social norms

Deviance Regardless

• Emile Durkheim : “Even in a society of saints, people would be evaluated on their saintliness”
• Negative deviance is non-conforming, negatively evaluated, illegal, like unpopular politics

Understanding Norms

• Norms operate on both idealized and realistic levels

Motivations for Studying Deviance

• Vicarious experience to learn through others actions and motivations
• Reform the system can support goals like preventing future victimization
• Understanding others, you learn how they protect themselves
• Understanding individuals in relation to others help those experiencing stigma
• Curiosity in studying causes and relationships

Academic vIews on Deviance

• Deviance was absolute before the 1960s, but is now subjective
• People were believed to be "born deviant" and pathological
• Race challenge: After the 60s general population that asked criminal and deviant
• Little research: White-collar/upper-class people's experiences with deviance were minimally researched before 1960's

Understanding Groups

• Subcultures: Cultures shared amongst a minority group that does not necessarily divert from dominant culture
• Counterculture: Subculture type that opposes mainstream culture

Objective Deviance

• Focus on the act, the act being done
• Causes harm to people and may disrupt the social order

Perspectives of Deviance

• The laws of nature determine deviance and are passed down through generations
• Clear and obvious: Agreed actions are classified as deviant
• Deviance is eternal and global when certain actions should always be seen as deviant Harm can be exaggerated by societal expectations

How to Define Deviance

• Deviance is seen as a deviation from the common center and a rare occurence
• Harmfulness considers physical, emotional, functional, and perception of reality, harm

Normative Violations for Deviance

• Deviance changes based on time and place
• Social reaction to deviance can be negative, but it can be tolerated
• Alternative explanations can justify or explain deviance, can also be romanticized
• Sociologists accept both objective and subjective

Consensus of Deviance

• Consensus on morals and values in society, what laws should be, vast majority would agree
• Functionalist theories support

Subjective Position of Deviance

• Morality is relative and based on interpretations
• Focuses on how behavior is viewed as deviant instead of how that varies

Critiques of Deviance and Theories

• Howard Becker: theories of outsiders and labeling theory
• Groups create norms to fit their needs/situations
• Critical and symbolic interactionism theory sees deviance is dependent on culture Objectivists are right-leaning and emphasize law and order

Responsibilities of Deviance

• Clear on right/wrong, deviance is a choice due to lack of self-control
• Alignment with functionalist, learning, and control theories

Subjectivists and Deviance

• Subjectiveness is left-leaning and understands the process that causes deviance
• Less choices and a greater interest in restorative justice
• Individuals are viewed as products of culture

Moral Entrepreneurs

• Moral entrepreneurs manufacture public morality, and label behaviors as deviant
• Victims are often successful "entrepreneurs"

Universal Definition of Deviance

• Form of deviance designates presumed behavior which defies social expectations
• It must be made and enforced by people with influence
• Has to be applied to particular groups in specific situations by lesser power

Characteristics of Deviance

• Groups designate behaviours as deviant, that is universal, and has a positive function
• A community is able to form solidarity by defining what is/what is not acceptable
• Integral can lead to social change, even with adherence, deviance still exists

Understand Deviance

• How you define will be impacted by your life

Wayward Puritans

• The deviants had strict interpretations of religious tenets
• Violation of these belief were ostracized and punished
• Provides mutuality amongst a group of people to be alert, and create group cohesion

Sanctions of Deviance

• A little deviance is allowed, but not too much, or the risk increases
• Serving as examples of those who violate the norms

Conditions of Deviance

• Crime will always be relatively constant, no matter the circumstance, or definition

Influences on Deviance

• Depends on how many resources the community uses to combat it
• Dependent on this to depend what behaviour is labelled deviance

Functionalism Theory of Deviance

• Functional Social structure can create deviance
• Inequality dictates likelihood a person will commit a crime, with tension dealt with deviance
• Norms and rapid change leads to suicide (Durkheim's Anomie): Mechanical solidarity has a quick breakdown
• Classical Strain causes cultural elements interact: goals and socially approved means

Opportunities of Deviance

• Unevenly distributed, legitimate vs illegitimate
• Strains are individual and micro-level, where negative and effective are deviant behaviours
• Crime is usually highest during adolescence due to stress and weakening of parental influence

Cohen's Status

• Individual youth commits crime for more than material
• Youth gain status, the opposite of middle class values as youth can live fully deviant

Learning Theories

• IQ and social class
• Acquiring criminal behaviors a learning process like any other behavior

Principles of Learning

• Principles: Crime learned in interaction; in intimate groups; includes techniques

Control Theories

• Sykes and Matza: Youth find ways to neutralize feelings of delinquency
• Denial, injury, responsibility, appealing, and condemnation Theory: Crime is fun and thrilling

Social Bond Theory

• Bonded to normative behavior are commitment and significant behaviour
• Attachment and significance are the strongest bonds

Deviance and Self Control

• Low self control created general theory of crime
• Impulses and gratification important. Rearing impacts, but is stable

Crime and Self Control

• Most crimes are easy, mundane, and immediate
• Low self-control always has a propensity, desists overtime, and starts in the childhood

Prevention Tips for Self Control

• Prevention Tips: Two parent families, capable adults, remove from dysfunctional, and education

Crime Assumptions

• 6 Assumptions: Immediate gratification, easy/simple path, exciting/risky, and thrilling
• Few benefits: crime is interfering with conventional commitments
• Little skill: Little skill and planning involved
• Pain: Pain and discomfort to victim (those who lack care)

Explanations of Deviance

• Deviance creates in-group solidarity (solidifies an us and them)
• Biological/Social: Many seek the biological social environmental causes

Motivations of Deviance

• Conform is another way deviance happens, to seek the "social contract" freedoms

Empathetic Theories

• More subjectivist in understanding origins, limitations as hard to have empathy, and more qualitative

Scientific Theories

• Uses scientific methods and positivism, looking at the physical traits
• Criminals are evolved, more likely commit

Theories

• Most do not fully embrace
• James Olsen argued

Ideological Theories

• Irrefutable beliefs, and religious doctrines
• Researchers tended to believe what intefered what they do

Problems with Deviance

• measurements differ
• Varies across ages
• Changes over time

Measuring Problems In Crime

• Not every one is cought
• Biases: within the criminal systems
• Change: over time

Measurements and Analysis

• Inductive and deductive approach, least interest, and is all qualitative
• Developing/defining based on exisiting, quantitative
• Causality

Deviance Data

• Self-report of those commiting crimes, where it is not done in the govermental
• Academics can provide statistics

Interviews

• Victimization Surverys
• Field of observation. This is usually a secret and is hidden

Reserach of Sociologists

• Requirements: Journalists
• Biography: of personal materials
• Research: Systematic
• Criminology
• Accounts

Dealing and Wheelings

• Accesses: after the students had done a lot, they were accepted
• Community
• Snowball sampling

Connection to Stigma

• Level of connection
• Are normal
• Wise
• Study

Deviance Stories

• Prior to Enlightenment, supernatural causes
• The Devil,
• Myths/Parables
• The lessons contains

Social control

• Explained
• Adam/Eve stories
• Greek,Dangers of Curiosity
• Wife
• Secular Stories

The Secular and Magical Stories

-Slovenly Peter caution tales of grooming

• Konrad: chop thumbs
• The wolf cries- conq
• Little Red Hood don't trust

Tales

• New clothes; vanity
• The trickster

Characteristics of Deviance

• Good And Bad
• Manyfaces
• Challenge- Face value/ upset
• modern Culture
• Buns Bunny

Contemporary Legends

• Are more facts, and are fact based
• Fear/Desire
• Play with play

Early Explanations

• Supernatural
• Demonic/forces
• There are cuases

Pagans

• Past
• Good
• Prior
• The belief of multple

View and beliefs

• Human control
• The gods
• Evil

One God

• Evil
• Devil has accountability

Solutions

• Demons
• Body Influence
• Extreme

Witch

• The history of the witch
• Harmless at the time
• Moral Panic

Accusations

• Accused the Women who had been the victim

Scapegoats

• The bible
• Illness is Blame
• Rituals were the ways to get heal
• The people had the Ills

Moral and Panics

• Dsirertion has helped
• Used it to anaylse
• To be a threat
• Intense

How to measure success?

• Influence of media
• Porportion

Red scare

• The Jews and others were all blackmailed by the communisst
• Mempis, TN
• Three gothic murders

Alford

• All the elements

Classical Criminology

• Reason began to enter

Enlgihtement

• Free- hedonism
• The point of the deviation

Point to Conform

• If Deviancy
• Sufficient
• Holding pattern
• Elements
• Hedonositc
• Levia
• Free WIill
• Law
• The punismhment cannot be be excessive

Elements

• Numbers of citizens
• Better life

Benthem

• Imprisoment

• The point is to make srue of what they are doing

Bioogical positivism

• 18 -19th century
• Scienfitic process and method
• The nature

Devianxe and behavior

• Free control
• born

Look for physical

• Look to have

The lombos

• Evolutioary

Physical

• The more evolved
• The less evolved

Homo sexuals

• Perverso
• The garlofs
• Trait attviistic

SOcl approaches to Devainxe

• Don until 70's
• COnensus and contrl
• Desogrinztion and strauin

Structure

• the one location

Econolical

• The environmnt

Social

• SOciety Bottom UP
• face to face
• devainxe as acomplushunemnts
• Soical problems

Symbolic

• Not the a big thing

Critical theories

• What is the effect

Social Ineraction

• A crimianl a process off tagging making a coniosicncess

Radicals

• Not do labeling

Primal and secondary

• labels and internalize

Labels

• Can happen any time

The groups a person Is with

• The saints

Criticall Theoies

• The comunity
• Strong role

Criticall theory

• What's the ideas

Political crims;

• People work with power

Feminist

• What dose war look like thru there eys

Week 8

• Used to tramit
• The masses

It is one of the important

• The tool of enterpirnoursg

Media

• Through it

Helps help defien

• Admisntrative ruseaerhc
• Positive

Critcially interested on

• Society is a whole

Criticality

• It

How the Violence gets out

• Bandara

Correlates

• Discovere the Casual
• Bikerace

Cant show

• Frames and foes
• The media and perceptions

Overwsip

• Convener
• Conflmeration
• Powerful companies

More powerful

• All over the shop
• Devaiment acts and is coomitng

####Cyber Devainxe

• All the
• Gaining information

Hacking

• Undemrin the state
• Relase

Digital

• Streaming is helpful

Sex Measuring

• Different
• Can vary

Different

• Stigma
• The norms
• The gender norms

Sexual

• the hunter women

double standards

• They were the people to be help

FUnctional

• Deviant
• They were there to seek

Risky

• Satias
• Juvinli

Act crime

• Cirmonlaity ad crime

Bully

• Functionality

Thrasher

• Studies

Vioetn

Types

• The criminals
• Not all women's Boys come from this

Types of Theories

• Parents of the kids had that
• Hagans

Subtance

• Over time
• Morl and enterpnurse

The problition:

Normal

• The homosexuas
• Mexican/asian and asian
• Effecys and handle
• Menatliyt Retreatits The process and all beenginong

Labels

• Agents of contraol
• MEdilcalization

Benefit

• Some perople do.
• Those do who

VIiolent

• Illegal
• Rules in cirm
• Legalized
• Bining
• Women +4
• Force and attpemt
• Touchy
• Womne

Higly CONSENSUS

• Hard and soceite
• More
• Time, the less.
• Advances an dvioe
• Society
• Value More

The STate

• Crmainl Punihs

Double Standards

• We will
• Women
• 2 or not

Wolfgang

-Internalizae

• COward

Miller

• Lwoer cass.
• Focal concernrs
• Impacitnble

The Genera;l theory.

• Low
• Focla _ The upper crims

Violwne3

• The socla

The strts

Racials

• Greate sruevellinc

Organzeid

• Has more reosurcess

Business people

• Vistimas over benfit
• Suthureald to be foudn

Funcitonay

• Comuteins

Critical theoreis

• The benefits and has crims

Political

• By with with power Simple firms

There is more Bibrrtly

• Viloent Protest

Redbellion

• There will

FRantz

• Colnolizxationt

SYmolibic

Mroer facwe to favew

• INeterstiend
• The victim
• Lanuagaes

THE femimns

• Men

The victums of

• Is targeting
• The medais The crnimeals

Viectless

• With noit there vitium

COmousion

• Systemw dont alloy

The wife

• The sqauid The homiside
• More acive

LIFES TUE

• 1rst and artic

INcerase d

TRasnfgenderse more lykelt

• The reaserhc

MArrinage and thosd

Mores;

• The showing
• The unshowling

• There are

Medieis

• Normd are the mensaourea

Thos emedai and those norms

All in All