30 Questions
What is the defining characteristic of a group, as compared to collectives?
Direct interaction over a period of time and shared fate, identity, or goals
What is the purpose of social identity within a group?
Individual identity distinct from others and meaningful information about future outcomes
What are the fundamental advantages offered by groups, according to the text?
Survival, safety, security, and social support
What distinguishes personal identity from social identity within the context of groups?
Social comparisons and individual distinctiveness
What do collectives primarily involve, as compared to groups?
Engaging in a common activity with little interaction
What does the text suggest about the role of social roles within groups?
Social roles as members of groups are essential for understanding identity and intergroup processes
What is the form of aggression dependent on, according to the text?
Approval and allowance of the in-group
How may frustrations from unrelated sources be displaced, according to the text?
Onto low-power individuals or social groups
What does attributional ambiguity refer to, as per the text?
Ambiguity about the causes of events experienced by the targets of prejudice
How do the targets of prejudice protect mood and self-esteem, according to the text?
By attributing bad events to prejudice and discrimination
What does the looking-glass self theoretical perspective emphasize?
Our self develops through the internalization of others’ reactions to us
Who may it be safer to target aggression at?
Individuals or groups that are lower in power
What can social norms lead to, according to the text?
The tolerance for norm violations can become a norm itself
What impact can group cohesiveness have on performance?
Better performance in tasks requiring cooperation, but poorer performance when good relationships are the aim
How are diverse groups likely to recruit members, according to the text?
Similar members
What has diversity been linked to, based on the text?
Positive effects on creativity, complexity of group discussion, and performance
What has been linked to financial performance and innovation?
Female representation in top management and increases in racial diversity in US banks
What contributes to innovation in diverse settings, according to the text?
Identity and cognitive diversity
Which perspective suggests that prejudice results from biases in social cognition due to schemas about differences between ingroup and outgroup members?
Cognitive perspective
Which experiment is cited as an example to support the realistic group conflict theory, showing hostility between groups when in competition?
Robber’s Cave experiment
What is the phenomenon where people displace aggression onto disliked, visible, and relatively powerless groups when frustrated or unhappy?
Scapegoating
Which theory suggests that aggressive acts are caused by feelings of frustration, which can act as a motivation for prejudice?
Frustration-aggression theory
Which perspective argues that prejudice results from different social groups competing over perceived scarce resources?
Economic perspective
Which theory proposes that competition for scarce resources increases conflict among groups, resulting in prejudice and discrimination?
Realistic group conflict theory
What is the root cause of stigma according to the text?
Biological need to live in effective groups
What are the different levels of analysis at which stigma affects individuals?
Self-stigma, anticipated stigma, enacted stigma, and internalized stigma
What are the components of prejudice mentioned in the text?
Affective, behavioral, and cognitive components
What do stereotypes resist according to the text?
Change
What are the manifestations of prejudice and discrimination mentioned in the text?
Racism, sexism, and social distancing
What distinguishes old-fashioned prejudice from modern prejudice according to the text?
Beliefs about intelligence and societal or organizational norms
Study Notes
Understanding Deviance, Stigma, Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination
- Deviance and marginality are not always negative, but stigma is always negative.
- Stigma is rooted in the biological need to live in "effective" groups, with members benefiting and non-reciprocators facing anger and contempt.
- Stigma is socially constructed and involves the threat response, amplifying group differences and sharing perceptions and threats.
- Functional, perceptual, accentuation, and consensus theories explain the cultural beliefs about stigma and the cognitive bias leading to exaggerated perception of differences between groups.
- Stigma affects individuals at different levels of analysis, including self-stigma, anticipated stigma, enacted stigma, and internalized stigma.
- Prejudice is a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group, with affective, behavioral, and cognitive components.
- Prejudice can lead to material and psychological costs, affecting salary, mental well-being, self-esteem, and cognitive and physical performance.
- Prejudice plays out both implicitly and explicitly, affecting how people perceive and treat out-group members, and can be hidden due to sincere motivation to become less prejudiced or fear of being labeled.
- Stereotypes are cognitive generalizations about a group of people, resistant to change and can be positive or negative, simplifying the world and potentially leading to illusory correlations between the group and behavior encountered.
- Positive stereotypes can deny individuality and lead to subtle abuse, including institutionalized discrimination and microaggressions.
- Prejudice and discrimination can be old-fashioned or modern, susceptible to cultural norms of what is acceptable, and can manifest as racism, sexism, or social distancing.
- Old-fashioned prejudice includes beliefs such as black people not being as smart as whites, while modern prejudice is embedded in societal or organizational norms, leading to disparate outcomes, inequity, and bias.
Test your understanding of deviance, stigma, prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination with this quiz. Explore the social construction of stigma, cognitive biases leading to prejudice, and the impact of stereotypes on individuals and society. Gain insights into the complexities of these concepts and their effects on different levels of analysis.
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