Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the defining characteristic of a group, as compared to collectives?
What is the defining characteristic of a group, as compared to collectives?
- Direct interaction over a period of time and shared fate, identity, or goals (correct)
- Shared membership in a community with common interests
- Joint membership in a social category based on shared attributes
- Engaging in a common activity with little interaction
What is the purpose of social identity within a group?
What is the purpose of social identity within a group?
- Individual identity distinct from others and meaningful information about future outcomes (correct)
- Joint membership in a social category based on shared attributes
- Connection and the need to belong, social support, and survival
- Resolve ambiguity and goal achievement through collective action
What are the fundamental advantages offered by groups, according to the text?
What are the fundamental advantages offered by groups, according to the text?
- Survival, safety, security, and social support (correct)
- Direct interaction over a period of time, shared fate, identity, or goals
- Connection and the need to belong, social identity, and meaningful information
- Resolve ambiguity, goal achievement, and collective action
What distinguishes personal identity from social identity within the context of groups?
What distinguishes personal identity from social identity within the context of groups?
What do collectives primarily involve, as compared to groups?
What do collectives primarily involve, as compared to groups?
What does the text suggest about the role of social roles within groups?
What does the text suggest about the role of social roles within groups?
What is the form of aggression dependent on, according to the text?
What is the form of aggression dependent on, according to the text?
How may frustrations from unrelated sources be displaced, according to the text?
How may frustrations from unrelated sources be displaced, according to the text?
What does attributional ambiguity refer to, as per the text?
What does attributional ambiguity refer to, as per the text?
How do the targets of prejudice protect mood and self-esteem, according to the text?
How do the targets of prejudice protect mood and self-esteem, according to the text?
What does the looking-glass self theoretical perspective emphasize?
What does the looking-glass self theoretical perspective emphasize?
Who may it be safer to target aggression at?
Who may it be safer to target aggression at?
What can social norms lead to, according to the text?
What can social norms lead to, according to the text?
What impact can group cohesiveness have on performance?
What impact can group cohesiveness have on performance?
How are diverse groups likely to recruit members, according to the text?
How are diverse groups likely to recruit members, according to the text?
What has diversity been linked to, based on the text?
What has diversity been linked to, based on the text?
What has been linked to financial performance and innovation?
What has been linked to financial performance and innovation?
What contributes to innovation in diverse settings, according to the text?
What contributes to innovation in diverse settings, according to the text?
Which perspective suggests that prejudice results from biases in social cognition due to schemas about differences between ingroup and outgroup members?
Which perspective suggests that prejudice results from biases in social cognition due to schemas about differences between ingroup and outgroup members?
Which experiment is cited as an example to support the realistic group conflict theory, showing hostility between groups when in competition?
Which experiment is cited as an example to support the realistic group conflict theory, showing hostility between groups when in competition?
What is the phenomenon where people displace aggression onto disliked, visible, and relatively powerless groups when frustrated or unhappy?
What is the phenomenon where people displace aggression onto disliked, visible, and relatively powerless groups when frustrated or unhappy?
Which theory suggests that aggressive acts are caused by feelings of frustration, which can act as a motivation for prejudice?
Which theory suggests that aggressive acts are caused by feelings of frustration, which can act as a motivation for prejudice?
Which perspective argues that prejudice results from different social groups competing over perceived scarce resources?
Which perspective argues that prejudice results from different social groups competing over perceived scarce resources?
Which theory proposes that competition for scarce resources increases conflict among groups, resulting in prejudice and discrimination?
Which theory proposes that competition for scarce resources increases conflict among groups, resulting in prejudice and discrimination?
What is the root cause of stigma according to the text?
What is the root cause of stigma according to the text?
What are the different levels of analysis at which stigma affects individuals?
What are the different levels of analysis at which stigma affects individuals?
What are the components of prejudice mentioned in the text?
What are the components of prejudice mentioned in the text?
What do stereotypes resist according to the text?
What do stereotypes resist according to the text?
What are the manifestations of prejudice and discrimination mentioned in the text?
What are the manifestations of prejudice and discrimination mentioned in the text?
What distinguishes old-fashioned prejudice from modern prejudice according to the text?
What distinguishes old-fashioned prejudice from modern prejudice according to the text?
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Study Notes
Understanding Deviance, Stigma, Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination
- Deviance and marginality are not always negative, but stigma is always negative.
- Stigma is rooted in the biological need to live in "effective" groups, with members benefiting and non-reciprocators facing anger and contempt.
- Stigma is socially constructed and involves the threat response, amplifying group differences and sharing perceptions and threats.
- Functional, perceptual, accentuation, and consensus theories explain the cultural beliefs about stigma and the cognitive bias leading to exaggerated perception of differences between groups.
- Stigma affects individuals at different levels of analysis, including self-stigma, anticipated stigma, enacted stigma, and internalized stigma.
- Prejudice is a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group, with affective, behavioral, and cognitive components.
- Prejudice can lead to material and psychological costs, affecting salary, mental well-being, self-esteem, and cognitive and physical performance.
- Prejudice plays out both implicitly and explicitly, affecting how people perceive and treat out-group members, and can be hidden due to sincere motivation to become less prejudiced or fear of being labeled.
- Stereotypes are cognitive generalizations about a group of people, resistant to change and can be positive or negative, simplifying the world and potentially leading to illusory correlations between the group and behavior encountered.
- Positive stereotypes can deny individuality and lead to subtle abuse, including institutionalized discrimination and microaggressions.
- Prejudice and discrimination can be old-fashioned or modern, susceptible to cultural norms of what is acceptable, and can manifest as racism, sexism, or social distancing.
- Old-fashioned prejudice includes beliefs such as black people not being as smart as whites, while modern prejudice is embedded in societal or organizational norms, leading to disparate outcomes, inequity, and bias.
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