Sterilization Techniques and Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Sterilization is the process of killing all living forms of ______, including spores.

microbes

Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents applied to ______ objects to destroy microorganisms.

non-living

Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances applied to ______ tissue to reduce the risk of infection.

living

Chemical sterilization is often used for devices sensitive to the high ______ of steam sterilization.

<p>heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical liquid sterilization is a type of chemical sterilization that uses ______ solutions.

<p>liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

High-level disinfectants are effective against a ______ number of spores after prolonged exposure.

<p>large</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical Vapor under Pressure, or Chemiclave, uses a mixture of chemicals heated under ______ to produce a sterilizing gas.

<p>pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fumigation involves mixing potassium permanganate with formalin in a ratio of 2:3 (w/v) to produce a ______ gas.

<p>fumigant</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combination of ______ and potassium permanganate is key for effective sterilization.

<p>formalin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical sterilization methods aim to eliminate all forms of ______, including bacteria and spores.

<p>microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a common method for sterilizing media, instruments, and biohazardous waste, using pressurized steam at high temperatures.

<p>Autoclaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dry heat sterilization involves heating materials to high ______ in a dry heat oven.

<p>temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Filtration uses a filter with small pores to remove microorganisms from ______ or air.

<p>liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ radiation uses gamma rays or electron beams to break down the DNA of microorganisms.

<p>Ionizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

UV-C light, with a wavelength of around 254 nm, is used to damage the ______ of microorganisms.

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a basic method for disinfection, using boiling water for 10-15 minutes, but it may not be effective against all spores.

<p>Boiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are used to identify compounds in ______ or urine.

<p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrophoresis separates proteins based on their ______ and size.

<p>charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Automated analyzers in modern labs measure biochemical markers like glucose, lipids, and ______ enzymes.

<p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

To prevent accidents, labs must keep first aid kits and eyewash stations ______.

<p>accessible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proper storage, labeling, and PPE are necessary to manage ______ hazards in the laboratory.

<p>biochemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Automated Hematology Analyzers are machines that count red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and ______.

<p>platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood smear microscopy is essential for diagnosing infections like malaria and conditions such as ______.

<p>leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prothrombin Time (PT) and Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) are tests that assess blood ______ function.

<p>clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flow cytometry is especially useful for diagnosing ______ and lymphomas.

<p>leukemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bone marrow biopsies provide information about blood cell ______.

<p>production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spectrophotometry measures the ______ of light by substances in blood.

<p>absorbance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrolyte analysis measures levels of sodium, potassium, and ______ in blood.

<p>chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) uses ______ to detect specific proteins or hormones.

<p>antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Commonly used for medical waste disposal, such as contaminated dressings, pathological waste, and ______.

<p>sharps</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram Staining is a basic staining technique to classify bacteria as Gram-positive or ______ based on cell wall structure.

<p>Gram-negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ culturing involves using liquid media to detect bacterial growth, typically indicated by turbidity.

<p>Broth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Catalase and Coagulase Tests are used to differentiate types of ______ species.

<p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detects bacterial ______ or RNA, enabling rapid identification of specific pathogens.

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood agar and MacConkey agar are common types of ______ used to identify pathogens based on colony morphology.

<p>agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acid-Fast Staining is primarily used for detecting ______ species, such as those causing tuberculosis.

<p>Mycobacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Automated systems like ______ and BD Phoenix are used for faster bacterial identification through biochemical testing.

<p>VITEK</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sterilization

The process of killing all living microbes, including spores.

Disinfectants

Antimicrobial agents used on non-living objects to reduce microorganisms.

Antiseptics

Substances applied to living tissue to lower infection risk.

Chemical sterilization method

Sterilization for sensitive devices using chemical agents.

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High level disinfectants

Kill large numbers of spores and pathogens after prolonged exposure.

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Chemical Vapor Sterilization

Sterilization using heated chemical gas under pressure.

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Fumigation

A process that uses fumes from chemicals to sterilize an area.

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Low level disinfectants

Target mainly vegetative bacteria and some fungi.

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Autoclaving

A method using pressurized steam at 121°C for 15-20 mins to sterilize.

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Dry Heat Sterilization

Heating materials to 160-180°C for 1-2 hours to kill microbes without moisture.

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Filtration

A method that removes microorganisms by passing liquids or air through small filters.

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Ionizing Radiation

Uses gamma rays or electron beams to sterilize by breaking down microbial DNA.

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Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation

Uses UV-C light to damage DNA and inhibit replication of microorganisms.

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Boiling

Involves boiling water at 100°C for 10-15 minutes to kill most bacteria and viruses.

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Incineration

Destroys contaminated materials by burning at very high temperatures.

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Physical Sterilization Method

Uses physical agents to eliminate all forms of microorganisms from surfaces and equipment.

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Medical Waste Disposal

Process of safely discarding contaminated materials, such as dressings and sharps.

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Gram Staining

A technique that classifies bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on their cell wall.

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Acid-Fast Staining

Staining method used to identify Mycobacterium species, like tuberculosis.

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Culture Methods

Techniques for growing bacteria from samples using selective media.

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Catalase Test

A biochemical test differentiating Staphylococcus species by detecting hydrogen peroxide breakdown.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A method to detect bacterial DNA or RNA for rapid identification of pathogens.

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Agar Plates

Solid media used to culture bacterial samples for identification based on colony properties.

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Blood Analysis

Evaluation of blood components to detect infections and health conditions.

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Gas Chromatography (GC)

A technique for separating and identifying volatile compounds in a sample, commonly used in drug testing.

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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

A method for separating and analyzing compounds in a liquid phase, useful for therapeutic drug monitoring.

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Electrophoresis

A technique for separating proteins based on their size and charge, used for protein analysis.

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Automated Analyzers

Devices that perform biochemical tests swiftly, analyzing markers like glucose and liver enzymes.

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Laboratory Safety Protocols

Guidelines ensuring safety, including first aid, chemical handling, and proper PPE usage.

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Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A test that measures different components of blood, including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

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Automated Hematology Analyzers

Machines that count blood cells and measure hemoglobin, hematocrit, etc.

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Blood Smear Microscopy

A manual examination of blood smears to assess cell morphology.

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Hemoglobin Test

Measures the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood.

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Prothrombin Time (PT)

Test that evaluates blood clotting ability.

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Flow Cytometry

A technique that analyzes blood cell populations using fluorescent tags.

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Electrolyte Analysis

Measurement of electrolytes like sodium and potassium in blood.

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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Test using antibodies to detect specific proteins or hormones.

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Study Notes

Sterilization, Disinfectants, and Antiseptics

  • Sterilization: Killing all microbes, including spores
  • Disinfectants: Antimicrobial agents applied to non-living objects to reduce pathogenic microorganisms
  • Antiseptics: Antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue/skin to reduce infection risk. Not all disinfectants are antiseptics; antiseptics must not damage living tissue.

Sterilization Methods

  • Chemical Sterilization Method: Used for devices that are sensitive to heat or irradiation (like rubbers and plastics). Includes:
    • Chemical liquid sterilization
    • Chemical vapor sterilization

Disinfectant Classification

  • High-level disinfectants: Used for a large number of spores, after prolonged exposure. Include vegetative bacteria, tubercle bacilli, fungi, and viruses (like H2O2 3-6%)
  • Intermediate-level disinfectants: Used for limited numbers of spores. Include vegetative bacteria, tubercle bacilli, fungi, and enveloped viruses (like HBV, HIV). Examples include 70% ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol.
  • Low-level disinfectants: Primarily used against vegetative bacteria and some fungi, with a limited range of viruses. Examples include Providone-iodine (5 and 10%).

Chemical Vapor Sterilization

  • Chemical Vapor under pressure (Chemiclave): Uses a mixture of chemicals (alcohol, formaldehyde, ketone, acetone, and water) heated under pressure to create a sterilizing gas. Sterilization requires 20 minutes at 131°C and 20 lbs pressure (for unwrapped or bagged instruments).
  • Fumigation: Potassium permanganate mixed with formalin (in a ratio of 2:3). This produces a fumigant used for sterilization.

Physical Sterilization Methods

  • Methods use physical agents or processes to eliminate all forms of microbes (bacteria, viruses, and spores) from surfaces, equipment, and materials.
    • Autoclaving: Pressurized steam at high temperatures (121°C or 250°F) for 15-20 minutes. Effective for media, lab instruments, and surgical tools.
    • Dry Heat Sterilization: Heating materials to high temperatures (160-180°C or 320-356°F) for 1-2 hours in a dry heat oven. Suitable for metal instruments, glassware, and powders.
    • Filtration: Removing microbes by passing liquids or air through filters with small pores (typically 0.2 microns). Useful for heat-sensitive solutions (vaccines, enzymes) and HEPA filters.
    • Radiation: Using gamma rays or electron beams to break down DNA in microorganisms. Used for sterilizing medical equipment, plastics, and some pharmaceuticals (effective even for heat-sensitive materials).
    • Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Using UV-C light (wavelength around 250 nm) to damage the DNA of microorganisms. Commonly used for surfaces, preventing replication.
    • Boiling: Boiling water (100°C or 212°F) for 10-15 minutes kills most bacteria and viruses. Often used for simple disinfection, not true sterilization.
    • Incineration: Destroys contaminated materials by burning at very high temperatures (suitable only for disposal).

Diagnosis of Bacteria

  • Microscopy:

    • Gram Staining: Classifies bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on cell wall structure. Aids in initial identification.
    • Acid-Fast Staining: Primarily used for detecting Mycobacterium species (like tuberculosis). Has unique cell walls.

  • Other Techniques:

    • Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Microscopy: Enhances visualization of bacterial morphology and motility.
    • Culture Methods: Using agar and broth cultures to promote growth for identification based on colony morphology and color changes.
    • Biochemical Testing: Tests (like catalase and coagulase tests) that differentiate bacteria based on enzyme presence. Automated systems (like VITEK and BD Phoenix) automate tests.
    • Molecular Methods: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detects bacterial DNA or RNA for identification (used for difficult-to-culture pathogens).
    • DNA Sequencing: Sequencing bacterial genomes provides highly specific identification and info about antibiotic resistance.

  • Blood Analysis: Analyzing blood components to detect infections, blood disorders, and health conditions.

    • Complete Blood Count (CBC): Automated analysis of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Manual blood smear microscopy (looking for cell morphology for conditions like anemia, leukemia).
    • Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Tests: Measuring hemoglobin (Hb) levels (low=anemia, high=polycythemia), assesses RBC portion in proportion to blood volume.
    • Blood Coagulation Tests: Measures blood clotting function (PT,PTT) for diagnosing bleeding disorders and monitoring anticoagulant therapy.

  • Platelet Function Tests: Detecting platelet adhesion/aggregation in blood, important for platelet disorders.

  • Flow Cytometry: Detailed analysis of blood cell populations using fluorescent antibodies (used to diagnose leukemia, lymphomas).

  • Bone Marrow Analysis: Biopsy/aspiration to assess blood cell production; diagnosing hematological cancers and anemias.

  • Clinical Chemistry: Measuring chemical components in blood and other bodily fluids for understanding organ function, metabolic state, and disease diagnosis.

    • Spectrophotometry: Measures absorbance of light by substances in blood.
    • Enzymatic Reactions: Many tests (like liver enzyme tests) use specific enzyme reactions that produce color changes detectable by spectrophotometry.
    • Electrolyte Analysis: Measuring sodium, potassium, and chloride levels for diagnosing kidney disease and dehydration.

  • Immunoassays: Detecting proteins and hormones (using antibodies like in ELISA) for diagnosing infections, hormone imbalances, and heart problems.

  • Chromatography: Separating compounds such as drugs, toxins, or other substances in bodily fluids, helping in drug testing, toxicology, and therapeutic drug monitoring. (GC and HPLC).

  • Electrophoresis: Separating proteins based on charge and size for identification and detection of abnormal levels (like in multiple myeloma).

  • Automated Analyzers: Modern labs have these for measuring biochemical markers (glucose, lipids) and enabling the high throughput and rapid diagnostics.

Laboratory Safety

  • First Aid: Accessible first aid kits, eyewash stations, and emergency showers. Staff training on handling injuries, chemical exposures.
  • Biochemical Hazards: Proper storage, labeling, and PPE for chemicals; work in fume hoods when necessary
  • Biological Hazards: Using biological safety protocols, cabinets, surface disinfection; proper protective equipment (PPE); cautious handling of pathogens.
  • General Safety: Following SOPs, regular safety checks, and maintaining safety, equipment. Report all hazards.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various sterilization techniques and their applications. This quiz covers definitions, processes, and methods such as chemical sterilization, disinfectants, and physical sterilization. Perfect for students in microbiology or healthcare fields.

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