Sterilization Methods in Microbiology
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary method used in steam sterilization at sub-atmospheric pressure?

  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Chlorine gas
  • Formaldehyde vapour (correct)
  • Ozone

At what temperature does water boil when placed under increased pressure?

  • 108°C (correct)
  • 75°C
  • 100°C
  • 147°C

Which of the following methods is NOT recommended for sterilizing surgical instruments?

  • Gamma radiation
  • Ultraviolet radiation
  • Steam sterilization
  • Boiling at 100°C (correct)

What is the major target for most radiation methods of sterilization?

<p>Microbial DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation causes ionization in microbial cells?

<p>Gamma rays (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following items can be sterilized using radiation methods?

<p>Dressings and instruments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of boiling water as a sterilization method?

<p>It requires prolonged periods for vegetative bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are prions a concern in sterilization processes?

<p>They can survive certain sterilization methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the open-glove technique?

<p>Place the glove’s rolled cuff edge at the palm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hand should be used to hold the rolled cuff of the glove in the open method?

<p>The opposite hand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after grasping the glove firmly?

<p>Stretch the cuff over the hand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the gown cuff be positioned when donning gloves?

<p>It should be secured and covered completely by the glove cuff (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary adjustment step for the gloves after donning?

<p>Wiggle fingers to ensure proper fit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should NOT be done while putting on the gloves?

<p>Pull the glove sleeve excessively over the arms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the gloving process, what should you do with any excessive glove sleeve?

<p>Pull it underneath the cuff of the glove (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall goal of the open-glove technique?

<p>To ensure a perfect fit of the gloves over the hands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical blade is most commonly used for incisions of the abdomen?

<p>No. 10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blade is best suited for incision and drainage procedures?

<p>No. 11 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Metzenbaum scissors from Mayo scissors?

<p>Mayo scissors are bigger and stouter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are No. 15 blades preferred in very delicate areas such as the face?

<p>They allow for more control during incision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following details is true regarding the availability of blades No. 21, 22, and 23?

<p>They are not commonly available, found in some hospitals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Iris scissors?

<p>For sutures with hooks or beaks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical blade is specifically noted as 'not very common'?

<p>No. 12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Mayo scissors from Metzenbaum scissors in their usage?

<p>Mayo scissors are used for general purpose cutting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of antisepsis in a surgical context?

<p>To decrease microorganisms on skin or mucous membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is commonly used as a throat antiseptic?

<p>Dequalinium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surgical hand antisepsis is designed to minimize the risk of what?

<p>Developing a surgical site infection (SSI) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an aqueous scrub contain?

<p>A water-based solution with active ingredients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common application of antiseptic techniques?

<p>Invasive procedures at the bedside (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about surgical site infections (SSIs) is true?

<p>SSIs are common healthcare-associated infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is a part of medical asepsis?

<p>Isolation precautions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what areas is antisepsis commonly practiced?

<p>In operating rooms and burn units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of procedure is best associated with Level 2 barrier protection?

<p>Suturing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Level 4 barrier protection?

<p>Prevents all fluid penetration for up to 1 hour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation would require Level 3 barrier protection?

<p>IV insertion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tests are conducted to assess barrier protection performance?

<p>Water impact and pressurizing the material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of exposure does Level 2 barrier protection specifically guard against?

<p>Larger amounts of fluid penetration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the environments that require Level 3 protection?

<p>Presence of splatter and soaking exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which level can you expect to prevent virus penetration for up to one hour?

<p>Level 4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key aspect of Level 1 barrier protection?

<p>Limited to minor blood draws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the critical zones of a surgical gown?

<p>They include the fabric construction and seams in specified areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have cotton fabrics almost disappeared from operating rooms?

<p>They have low resistance to liquid penetration and high porosity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required barrier performance level for the entire gown, excluding cuffs, hems, and bindings?

<p>Level 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the surgical gown is referred to as the neckline?

<p>Area C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is primarily used in single-use surgical gowns?

<p>Nonwoven materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the surgical gown is considered sterile?

<p>The front exterior of the gown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the operators expected to interact regarding faults that may occur?

<p>They should point out faults in a non-threatening way. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of tightly woven textiles for surgical gowns?

<p>They exhibit relatively good barrier performance with water repellent finishes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antisepsis

A method used to remove or significantly reduce microorganisms from the skin or mucous membranes of living beings. It's a crucial step in preventing infections, especially during surgeries.

Antiseptics

Chemicals used to disinfect skin and other surfaces. They effectively reduce the number of disease-causing microbes.

Surgical Hand Antisepsis

A type of antisepsis specific to surgeons' hands before surgery. It involves a thorough cleansing to minimize the risk of surgical site infections.

Aqueous Scrub

A traditional handwashing technique using an antimicrobial solution and water. It effectively removes transient and resident microorganisms from the hands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Surgical Site Infections (SSIs)

Infections that occur at the site of a surgical procedure. They can lead to delayed healing, longer hospital stays, and even death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prevention of SSIs

A key goal in healthcare to reduce the occurrence of Surgical Site Infections. This involves using proper techniques like surgical hand antisepsis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Medical Asepsis

The process of removing germs from the environment using techniques like wearing protective gear and disinfecting surfaces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chlorhexidine Gluconate

The most common active ingredient in traditional surgical scrubs, known for its effectiveness against bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LTSF Sterilization

A method of sterilization using steam at sub-atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 75°C with formaldehyde vapor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autoclaving

A method of sterilization using pressurized steam at high temperatures to kill all microorganisms, including spores.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sterilization

The process of killing all microorganisms, including spores, on a surface or object.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Boiling Point of Water

The temperature at which water boils under normal atmospheric pressure (100°C).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Boiling Sterilization

Using high temperatures (108°C to 147°C) to kill microorganisms, but not spores.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Holding Period

The time an item is exposed to a sterilization method to ensure all microorganisms are killed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radiation Sterilization

Using electromagnetic radiation (like gamma rays) or particulate radiation (like accelerated electrons) to damage microbial DNA and sterilize objects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autoclave/Steam Sterilizer

The method used for sterilizing surgical instruments and other medical equipment, which involves using heat and pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Critical Zones in a Surgical Gown

The area of a surgical gown that comes into direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. This includes the fabric and construction in areas A and B.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sterile Areas of a Surgical Gown

The area of the surgical gown that is considered sterile, which includes the front, neckline (area C), and where the arms are inserted (area B).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reusable Surgical Gowns

A type of surgical gown made using woven fabrics of blended polyester and cotton, designed for multiple uses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Single-Use Surgical Gowns

A type of surgical gown made using nonwoven materials, designed for single use.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liquid Barrier Performance

The ability of a surgical gown's fabric to resist the penetration of liquids like blood and bodily fluids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peer Observation for Surgical Gown Quality

A method of quality control where surgical gown manufacturers or healthcare professionals observe each other's work and identify any potential faults.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AAMI Liquid Barrier Standards

A standard set by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) for evaluating the liquid barrier performance of surgical gowns.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water Repellent Finish for Surgical Gowns

The process of applying a chemical finish to surgical gowns that makes them resistant to water, improving their liquid barrier performance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blade #10

A surgical blade commonly used for making incisions in the abdomen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blade #11

A surgical blade often used for incision and drainage procedures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blade #15

A surgical blade used in delicate areas like the face, minimizing tissue damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blade #20

A surgical blade often used for abdominal incisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

General Purpose Scissors

Scissors used for general cutting tasks like sutures, gauze, and other materials.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Barrier Level 1

Barrier protection level used in LOW risk situations, providing protection against small amounts of fluid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metzenbaum Scissors

Scissors with long, slender blades ideal for cutting delicate tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Iris Suture Scissors

Scissors designed for removing sutures with a hook or beak to slide under the suture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Barrier Level 2

Barrier protection level used in MODERATE risk situations, providing protection against larger amounts of fluid and splatter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Barrier Level 3

Barrier protection level used in HIGH risk situations, providing protection against even larger amounts of fluid, splatter, and soaking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mayo Scissors

Scissors similar in function to Metzenbaum scissors but with a longer blade

Signup and view all the flashcards

Barrier Level 4

Barrier protection level offering the highest protection, preventing fluid penetration for up to an hour and even resisting virus penetration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water Impact Test

The test where water impacts the surface of the gown material to assess its resistance to fluid penetration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pressurization Test

The test where the gown material is pressurized with air to assess its resistance to fluid penetration under pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fluid Type (Water or Blood)

The type of fluid that is being tested for its resistance to penetration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Barrier Protection Duration

The duration for which the gown material maintains its resistance to fluid penetration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Open Glove Method

A technique used to put on surgical gloves where the scrub's hands fully extend through the sleeves, beyond the cuffs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gown Cuff

The part of the surgical gown sleeve that is rolled over to create a cuff.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gripping the Glove Cuff

Holding onto the rolled edge of the glove cuff with your thumb and index finger, ensuring the glove's top remains above your hand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stretching the Glove Cuff

The process of stretching the glove's cuff over your hand, ensuring the gown's cuff is fully covered.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Securing the Opposite Cuff

Using the opposite hand to hold the cuff of the glove, while the other hand is already gloved.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adjusting Excess Sleeve

Pulling any excess glove sleeve under the cuff of the glove to ensure a snug fit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adjusting Glove Fingers

Gentle manipulation of the fingers of each glove to ensure a comfortable fit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Picking Up the Cuff

This position of the hand is used to pick up the cuff of the right glove with the left hand.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Endotracheal Intubation

  • Involves placing a tube into the trachea
  • Commonly used for altered mental status, poor ventilation, and poor oxygenation
  • Emergency setting goal is to secure airway and achieve first-pass success
  • Requires teamwork
  • Connects to ventilator for breathing assistance

Anatomy and Physiology

  • Upper airway includes oral cavity, pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx), and larynx
  • Warms and humidifies inspired air
  • Pharynx connects nasal/oral cavities to larynx and esophagus
  • Cricothyroid ligament: Important for emergent cricothyrotomy (emergency airway access)
  • Heimlich Maneuver: Used for upper airway obstruction, involving abdominal thrusts

Brief History

  • Early airway interventions described by Vesalius (1543)
  • Trendelenburg performed successful tracheal intubation in 1896

Indications and Contraindications

  • Indications include altered mental status/loss of consciousness, loss of airway protective reflexes, respiratory issues, and risks of pulmonary aspiration
  • Contraindications include severe trauma, anatomic distortions, cervical spine injuries, difficult airway access, ineffective mask ventilation, limited mouth opening, or severe kyphosis.

Equipment for Intubation

  • Laryngoscope (Macintosh-curved or Miller-straight)
  • Nasal/oral airways
  • Bag-valve-mask
  • Endotracheal tube with stylet
  • 12-mL syringe
  • Yankauer suction
  • Bougie

Pediatric Considerations

  • Children's larger heads naturally place them in sniffing position, making intubation easier
  • Infants' large heads can result in posterior positioning of larynx
  • A towel under infant's shoulders should correct this

Post-Procedure Care

  • Important to stabilize patient's breathing before removing the tube
  • Visual reconfirmation of Correct tube placement (capnography)
  • Aspirate air from cuff before removing tube

NGT Intubation

  • Process of inserting a flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach
  • Diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, include removal of gastric contents, lavage, administering medications or feeding, or bowel rest

Nasogastric Tube Size and Types

  • Large bore (12-18F) - recommended for gastric decompression in adults
  • Smaller size (8-12F) suitable for medication administration, feeding, or other less demanding purposes
  • Pediatric patients use smaller sizes (8-10F for less demanding purposes)

Endotracheal Tube Placement Confirmation

  • Equal breath sounds bilaterally in chest wall
  • Absence of breath sounds over epigastrium
  • Visible condensation in endotracheal tube
  • Appropriate reservoir bag compliance during ventilation

Esophagogastroscopy (EGD)

  • Diagnostic procedure visualizing the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
  • Utilizes a long, thin, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope).
  • Enables tissue biopsy if needed
  • Common procedure for evaluating upper GI issues.

Esophagus Anatomy and Physiology

  • Extends from cricoid cartilage to the cardiac orifice of the stomach.
  • Lies posterior to trachea
  • Ranges in diameter and length depending on patient age.

Gastric Anatomy and Physiology

  • Located beneath the diaphragm in the upper abdomen
  • Divided into sections (cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus).
  • Cardia is the top part where the esophagus connects
  • Pylorus separates the stomach from the small intestine

Duodenum Anatomy and Physiology

  • C-shaped section of the small intestine.
  • Extends from the pylorus to the duodenojejunal junction.
  • Important part of digestive system

Proctosigmoidoscopy

  • Procedure to directly visualize the rectum and sigmoid colon using a flexible endoscope
  • Aids in early detection of colorectal cancer and diagnosis of rectal ailments.

Bowel Preparation

  • Procedure to cleanse the colon and rectum before examination/procedure
  • Uses cathartics or osmotic agents to remove solid stool
  • Essential for colonoscopy or other surgical procedures

Lumbar Puncture

  • Procedure of removing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space
  • Diagnosed for various conditions (like meningitis).
  • Done in lower back between lumbar bones (lumbar space), between L3-L4 or L4-L5
  • Procedure generally uses a long, hollow, thin needle.

Bowel Irrigation

  • Medical process using polyethylene glycol solution for rapid administration.
  • Empties the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Used after toxic ingestions.

Central Venous Catheterization

  • Insertion of a catheter into a large vein near the heart for providing long-term vascular access(like a permanent IV in chest).
  • Types: Triple-lumen, tunneled CVCs, Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), Totally implantable ports

Subclavian Vein Technique

  • Subclavian vein is commonly used for CVC insertion.
  • Approaches include supraclavicular and infraclavicular.
  • Infraclavicular approach is considered safer and more comfortable for the patient
  • The technique benefits from clear landmarks and less risk of complications like pneumothorax, compared to other techniques.

Arterial Cannulation

  • Procedure of inserting a catheter into an artery for various reasons.
  • Commonly used approaches include the anterior and axillary approaches.
  • Requires proper technique and care including the use of an image guidance and proper monitoring for complications during procedures.

Wound Management

  • Processes of cleaning, dressing, and closure of wounds
  • Aims to promote healing, prevent infection, and reduce scar formation

Types of Wounds

  • Clean : Clean wounds are minimally infected, do not contain foreign matter and don't have significant inflammation.
  • Clean-contaminated : Clean-contaminated wounds have the possible entry of microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory, urinary, and genital tracts.
  • Contaminated : Contaminated wounds present extensive contamination and risk of infection.
  • Dirty : Dirty wounds present infection and likely devitalized tissue, requiring special attention.

Common Wound Dressings

  • Types: Adhesive dressings
  • Types: Gauze dressings
  • Types: Hydrogels
  • Types: Hydrocolloids (used for chronic wounds and burns)

Wound Closure Methods

  • Surgical closure - use of sutures (stitches) to close a wound
  • Tissue adhesives, like glue, are used for minor wounds.
  • Staples
  • Skin adhesives
  • Skin closure plays a critical role in wound healing and aesthetic outcomes.

Procedures for Wound Treatment

  • Debridement: Removal of dead/damaged tissue
  • Irrigation: Cleaning the wound with saline solutions
  • Dressing: Covering, protecting, and maintaining a healthy environment for healing
  • Closure: Using sutures, staples, or dressings to close the wound

Sutures and Staplers

  • Used to close wounded/injured tissues (or organs).
  • Categorized as Absorbable sutures and Non-absorbable sutures, dependent on body absorption rates
  • Different sutures are best suited for various cases and wound types.
  • Types: Simple, mattress, horizontal mattress and staplers.

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy

  • Procedure to remove a small amount of cells from a suspicious lump or mass, usually for diagnostic purposes.
  • Involves inserting a thin needle into the abnormal tissue and extracting cellular samples
  • Can be used on almost any part of the body to sample fluid or tissues.

Core Needle Biopsy

  • Procedure to remove a small cylindrical piece (core) of tissue from a suspicious lump or mass
  • Used for better assessment of its structure/tissue composition.
  • More detailed analysis than FNAB, usually involves a larger needle and a different procedure.

Incision and Drainage of Abscesses

  • An abscess is a localized collection of pus (purulent fluid) in soft tissue
  • I&D involves the surgical incision and drainage of the abscess to remove the pus and prevent spreading infection.
  • Common procedures include Hilton's method and Blairs method in abscesses.

Paracentesis

  • Procedure used to drain fluid (often ascites) from the peritoneal cavity
  • Performed as a diagnostic procedure or to relieve pressure/resolve symptoms related to ascites
  • Performed under local or possibly regional and general anesthesia and using ultrasound guidance.

Thoracentesis

  • Procedure for removing fluid from the pleural space (the space between the lungs and the chest wall)
  • Used primarily to diagnose or treat pleural effusions (abnormal collections of fluid in the pleural space).
  • The procedure involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to remove fluid under direct ultrasound guidance in patients.

Pericardiocentesis

  • Insertion of a needle into the pericardial space to drain excess fluid.
  • Performed to relieve pressure (cardiac tamponade) caused by large pericardial effusions.
  • Can only be performed by specially trained physicians or medical personnel.

Manual Artificial Respiration and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

  • Methods for restoring breathing and circulation in patients who have stopped breathing or whose hearts have stopped functioning.
  • Techniques: Mouth-to-mouth respiration, prone pressure method, arm lift chest pressure methods
  • The sequence is crucial for successful resuscitation (especially the ratio for compressions and rescue breaths, 30:2).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your knowledge of sterilization techniques used in microbiology. This quiz covers steam sterilization, radiation methods, and the challenges associated with sterilizing various instruments. Explore various concepts related to temperature, pressure, and the implications of prions in sterilization processes.

More Like This

Microbiology Sterilization Methods
10 questions
Methods of Sterilization Overview
10 questions
Sterilization Methods Quiz
4 questions
Microbiology: Sterilization Methods Quiz
42 questions
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser