Sterilization, Disinfectants, and Antiseptics

Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms, including spores. Disinfection reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms on non-living surfaces. Antisepsis reduces the possibility of infection on living tissue by destroying microorganisms, but is not as harsh as a disinfectant.

Chemical sterilization is preferred for devices sensitive to high heat or irradiation, as these methods can damage materials like rubber and plastics.

High-level disinfectants (e.g., 3-6% hydrogen peroxide) kill a wide range of microorganisms, including spores. Intermediate-level disinfectants (e.g., 70% ethyl alcohol) kill vegetative bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. Low-level disinfectants (e.g., 5-10% providone-iodine) mainly target vegetative bacteria and some fungi.

<p>Chemiclave uses a heated mixture of chemicals, including alcohol, formaldehyde, ketones, and water, under pressure to form a sterilizing gas. Sterilization typically requires 20 minutes at 131°C and 20 lbs pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fumigation uses a gaseous chemical to sterilize an enclosed area. A common solution involves mixing potassium permanganate with formalin in a 2:3 ratio (w/v).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A disinfectant is applied to non-living surfaces to kill microorganisms, while an antiseptic is applied to living tissue to reduce the risk of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choosing the appropriate method ensures effective microbial control while minimizing damage to the target object or tissue. Different methods have varying effectiveness against different microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterilizing delicate medical instruments like surgical tools with intricate parts or those made of heat-sensitive materials like plastics or rubber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoclaving uses the combination of high pressure steam and heat to kill microorganisms, including spores, by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry heat sterilization uses high temperatures to oxidize microbial cells, which is effective for glassware. However, this method can damage or degrade heat-sensitive liquids like medications or enzyme solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration sterilization uses a filter with small pore sizes to physically trap microorganisms from liquids or air. However, it cannot remove all viruses, especially smaller ones, or prions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays or electron beams, sterilizes materials by damaging the DNA of microorganisms, preventing them from replicating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UV radiation sterilization uses UV-C light to damage the DNA of microorganisms, preventing their replication. However, it has limited penetration depth and is only effective for surfaces or thin layers of water or air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boiling only kills most bacteria and viruses, but may not be effective against all spores. Autoclaving uses pressurized steam, which effectively kills all microorganisms, including spores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incineration provides a high level of sterility by destroying contaminated materials at very high temperatures, effectively eliminating all microorganisms and preventing their spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The factors influencing the choice of sterilization method include the type of material being sterilized, its heat sensitivity, the desired level of sterility, and the available resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration allows the sterilization of heat-sensitive materials like vaccines by physically removing microbes without exposing them to damaging temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UV radiation sterilization might be suitable for air sterilization in hospitals or laboratories to control airborne microorganisms and reduce the spread of infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram staining is a technique that differentiates bacteria into two main groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative, based on the structure of their cell wall. This distinction helps in the initial identification of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood agar is a differential medium that allows for bacterial differentiation based on their ability to lyse red blood cells. This results in characteristic colony appearances, such as beta-hemolysis (complete lysis), alpha-hemolysis (partial lysis), or gamma-hemolysis (no lysis), providing clues to bacterial identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulase testing is a biochemical test used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from other Staphylococcus species. Staphylococcus aureus produces the coagulase enzyme, which causes the clotting of plasma, a positive result indicating the presence of S. aureus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PCR offers a quicker and more sensitive method for detecting bacterial presence compared to traditional culture methods, especially for bacteria that are difficult to grow in culture. It directly targets specific bacterial DNA or RNA sequences, enabling rapid identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA sequencing of bacterial genomes provides highly specific identification and allows for the analysis of antibiotic resistance genes. By determining the sequence of bacterial genes, scientists can identify potential resistance mechanisms and predict the effectiveness of specific antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase-contrast and dark-field microscopy are useful for visualizing bacteria, particularly those that are difficult to stain. They enhance the contrast between bacteria and their surroundings, revealing details of morphology and motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broth cultures provide a liquid environment for bacterial growth that is suitable for some bacteria, especially anaerobic bacteria, that don't grow well on solid media. Broth turbidity indicates bacterial growth, making it a useful technique for studying specific bacterial types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective media are used to isolate specific types of bacteria by inhibiting the growth of others, while differential media allow for the differentiation of bacterial species based on their metabolic characteristics, such as colony morphology and color changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automated systems like VITEK and BD Phoenix expedite bacterial identification by automating biochemical testing. They use panels of tests to analyze bacterial metabolism, providing rapid and reliable identification of bacterial species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying the specific type of bacteria causing an infection is essential for selecting the right antibiotic treatment. Different bacteria have varying susceptibilities to different antibiotics, and using the correct drug ensures effective treatment and prevents the development of antibiotic resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main techniques are Automated Hematology Analyzers and Blood Smear Microscopy. Automated Analyzers use machines to count blood cells, measure hemoglobin and hematocrit, while Microscopy involves manually examining blood smears under a microscope to assess cell morphology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are indicative of anemia, a condition characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin. Conversely, high levels suggest polycythemia, a condition where the body produces too many red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PT and PTT tests assess blood clotting function by measuring the time it takes for blood to clot. They are essential for diagnosing bleeding disorders and monitoring the effectiveness of anticoagulant medications like warfarin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow cytometry uses fluorescent antibodies to label and analyze different blood cell populations. This technique is crucial for identifying leukemia and lymphoma cells based on their unique characteristics. It also helps monitor immune function by measuring the levels and activity of various immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow analysis provides insights into blood cell production, including the number and maturity of various cell types. It is vital for diagnosing hematologic cancers, anemias, and bone marrow disorders such as leukemia and aplastic anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GC and HPLC separate compounds based on their different properties, allowing for the identification and quantification of drugs and their metabolites in blood or urine. This enables accurate drug testing, toxicology analysis, and monitoring therapeutic drug levels, ensuring patient safety and efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spectrophotometry measures the absorbance of light by substances in blood. Specific wavelengths of light are passed through a sample, and the amount of light absorbed corresponds to the concentration of the substance. This technique is applied to measure glucose, cholesterol, and proteins, among other substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in bodily fluids. They play crucial roles in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Measuring electrolyte levels is essential for diagnosing conditions like kidney disease, dehydration, and heart issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrophoresis separates proteins based on their charge and size. Proteins migrate through a gel under an electric field, with differently charged and sized proteins moving at varying speeds. This technique is used to detect abnormal protein levels or patterns in blood, which can indicate conditions like multiple myeloma, characterized by excessive production of abnormal proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ELISA utilizes antibodies to detect specific proteins or hormones in a sample. An enzyme linked to the antibody produces a color change, indicating the presence and concentration of the target analyte. ELISA plays a vital role in diagnosing infections, detecting hormone imbalances, and monitoring certain diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automated analyzers streamline laboratory workflows by automating the measurement of various biochemical markers, such as glucose, lipids, liver enzymes, and kidney function indicators. They enable high-throughput analysis, providing faster and more efficient diagnostics, aiding in disease diagnosis and monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Complete Blood Count provides a comprehensive overview of the different components of blood. It assesses red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and other parameters to identify various blood disorders and monitor overall health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biochemical hazards involve chemicals that can cause harm through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Appropriate storage, labeling, and personal protective equipment (PPE) are essential to minimize these risks. Work in fume hoods, proper disposal, and consistent adherence to safety protocols are crucial to ensure safe handling and prevent accidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While automated analyzers provide rapid and accurate data on blood cell counts, microscopy remains essential for examining cell morphology. It allows for the detection of subtle abnormalities in cell shapes, sizes, and structures that automated analyzers might miss. This is crucial for diagnosing infections like malaria and conditions such as leukemia or anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergency showers and eyewash stations are critical for immediate action in case of chemical spills or splashes. They provide a quick and effective method to flush away hazardous materials from the skin or eyes, significantly reducing potential harm. Regular training and drills ensure staff are prepared to use them effectively, a key element in first aid procedures for chemical exposures.</p> Signup and view all the answers