Sterilization

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Questions and Answers

What is the minimum exposure time required at 27 psig and 132°C for effective sterilization in an autoclave using steam under pressure?

  • 15 minutes
  • 27 minutes
  • 20 minutes
  • 3 minutes (correct)

Why are thermocouples the most widely used indicators for evaluating sterilization methods?

  • They can connect to recorders for continuous monitoring (correct)
  • They are cheap to produce
  • They change color under the influence of moisture and heat
  • They are resistant to the high temperatures of autoclaves

What do wax or chemical pellets used as indicators for autoclave sterilization do at 121°C?

  • Melt (correct)
  • Change color
  • Solidify
  • Evaporate

Why are biologic indicators like resistant bacterial spores used in sterilization processes?

<p>To provide evidence of the intended effect of sterilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In autoclave sterilization, what is the purpose of paper strips impregnated with chemicals that change color?

<p>To indicate moisture and heat exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met for effective sterilization in an autoclave according to the text?

<p>Steam must reach the innermost recess of the material to be sterilized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of covering equipment openings with a barrier material after sterilization?

<p>To prevent environmental contamination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is dry heat sterilization preferred for powders, containers, and equipment?

<p>It results in sterile and dry equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which materials usually withstand dry heat sterilization without difficulty?

<p>Glass and metal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action by which microorganisms are killed by moist heat?

<p>Coagulation of proteins of living cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of normal moist heat cycles in terms of sterilization effectiveness?

<p>They do not destroy pyrogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is steam considered to have a greater thermal capacity than hot air in the context of sterilization?

<p>Steam has higher heat conductivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the intensity of ultraviolet light in relation to the distance it travels?

<p>It decreases proportionally to the distance squared. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what types of materials does ultraviolet light penetrate well?

<p>Clean air and pure water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does ultraviolet light have on the activity of atoms within molecules of microorganisms?

<p>It alters the reactivity of atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the absorption bands for cellular nucleic acids found in the ultraviolet wavelength range?

<p>Within the ultraviolet wavelength range. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring sterilization when using ultraviolet radiations?

<p>Adequate exposure to the radiations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ultraviolet light affect organisms or their metabolites at the molecular level?

<p>It may result in organism death or inability to reproduce. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most reliable thermal method of sterilization according to the text?

<p>Moist heat under pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can non-aqueous preparations in sealed containers not be sterilized using moist heat during a normal cycle?

<p>Lack of water to generate steam for sterilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation is commonly used for reducing contamination in the air and on surfaces within a processing environment?

<p>Ultraviolet light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pharmaceutical preparation can be rendered sterile and remain so indefinitely if in hermetically-sealed containers and subjected to autoclaving?

<p>Aqueous only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is moist heat sterilization not applicable to non-aqueous preparations in sealed containers?

<p>Absence of water to generate steam for sterilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emitted almost exclusively at a wavelength of 253.7 nm by mercury vapor lamps?

<p>Germicidal light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key advantages of using radiation for sterilization?

<p>Enhanced sterilization of medical plastic devices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are liquid pharmaceuticals more difficult to sterilize using radiation?

<p>Radiation can impact the vehicle system and drug in the liquid state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important characteristic of filtration sterilization?

<p>It does not involve heat application (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why may individual medical device manufacturers find radiation sterilization challenging?

<p>High cost associated with setting up radiation facilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been successfully sterilized by radiation in the dry state?

<p>Antibiotics, vitamins, and hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is radiation sterilization becoming a more viable option for medical device manufacturers?

<p>Increasing availability of centers providing contract services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of BPL vapor for sterilization?

<p>Inability to penetrate surfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of surfaces are easier to disinfect according to the text?

<p>Hard and smooth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are most disinfectants unable to sterilize a surface?

<p>Inability to destroy spores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does the effectiveness of a disinfectant primarily depend on?

<p>Type of microorganisms present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using chemical disinfectants in the pharmaceutical industry?

<p>To provide aseptic conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are liquid pharmaceuticals more challenging to sterilize using chemical disinfectants?

<p>Presence of heat-sensitive components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the effectiveness of a disinfectant according to the text?

<p>Number and sensitivity of organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Asepsis can be maintained in a limited, controlled environment' primarily implies the use of disinfectants for what purpose?

<p>'Reducing microbial population' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'The nature and degree of contamination' are key factors affecting the effectiveness of a disinfectant, primarily referring to what in this context?

<p>'Type and quantity of microorganisms' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Vegetative forms of microorganisms can be expected to be killed' relates to which aspect of disinfectant action?

<p>'Activity against active bacteria only' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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