Sterilization and Disinfection Methods
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Questions and Answers

Sterilization involves the elimination of all living microbes, including spores.

True (A)

Disinfectants are substances applied to living tissue to reduce infection risk.

False (B)

All disinfectants are also antiseptics.

False (B)

Chemical sterilization is primarily used for devices sensitive to high heat or are prone to damage from irradiation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High level disinfectants effectively eliminate vegetative bacteria, tubercle bacilli, fungi, and viruses but not spores.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

70% ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are classified as high level disinfectants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fumigation, using a mixture of potassium permanganate and formalin, is a method of chemical liquid sterilization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical vapor sterilization under pressure requires a temperature of $120^\circ$ C for 20 minutes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Boiling water for 10-15 minutes is always enough to kill all bacteria and viruses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autoclaving uses dry heat to sterilize materials.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation sterilization is effective for penetrating deeply into thick materials.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dry heat sterilization is suitable for sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids like vaccines.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Filtration is effective for removing all types of microorganisms, including prions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ionizing radiation sterilization is commonly used for sterilizing glassware and metal instruments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Incineration involves burning contaminated materials at high temperatures to completely destroy them.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ratio of formalin and potassium permanganate plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of physical sterilization methods.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gas Chromatography (GC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are only used for identifying compounds in solid food samples.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrophoresis separates proteins based solely on their size.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modern automated analyzers can measure a variety of biochemical markers, including glucose and liver enzymes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is unnecessary when working with biochemical hazards.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining safety equipment and conducting regular safety checks are not part of general safety protocols in laboratories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram Staining is used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agar plates are not suitable for promoting bacterial growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PCR is less sensitive than traditional culture methods for bacterial identification.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acid-Fast Staining is primarily used for detecting Mycobacterium species.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Broth cultures can only detect the growth of bacteria that thrive on solid media.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Automated systems like VITEK are used for manual biochemical testing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood analysis is utilized to evaluate components and characteristics of blood to identify infections and disorders.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Microscopy are ineffective for visualizing bacterial morphology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Automated Hematology Analyzers measure blood cell counts and monitor blood parameters like hemoglobin and hematocrit.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low levels of hemoglobin indicate polycythemia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood Smear Microscopy is primarily used to measure blood pressure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flow Cytometry uses fluorescent antibodies for a detailed analysis of blood cell populations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Platelet Function Tests are irrelevant when diagnosing bleeding disorders.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinical chemistry predominantly focuses on the examination of urine samples.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ELISA is an immunoassay that detects specific proteins or hormones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spectrophotometry measures the absorbance of substances in blood by detecting color changes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sterilization

The process of killing all living forms of microbes, including spores.

Disinfectant

Antimicrobial agents applied to non-living objects to kill microorganisms.

Antiseptic

Antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue to reduce infection risk.

Chemical sterilization

Sterilization using chemicals instead of heat, for sensitive devices.

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High level disinfectant

Kills all spores and most bacteria; used for surgical tools.

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Intermediate level disinfectant

Destroys fewer spores and bacteria; effective against enveloped viruses.

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Chemical vapor sterilization

Uses heated chemicals under pressure to create a sterilizing gas.

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Fumigation

A method of sterilization using a fumigant produced from potassium permanganate and formalin.

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Autoclaving

A method using pressurized steam at 121°C for sterilization.

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Dry Heat Sterilization

Heating materials to 160–180°C for 1–2 hours without moisture.

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Filtration

Removes microorganisms using a filter with small pores (0.2 microns).

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Ionizing Radiation

Uses gamma rays or electron beams to sterilize by damaging DNA.

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Ultraviolet Radiation

Uses UV-C light to damage microbial DNA for sterilization.

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Boiling

Boiling water at 100°C for 10–15 minutes to kill most germs.

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Incineration

Destroys contaminated materials by burning them at high temperatures.

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Physical Sterilization

Uses physical agents to eliminate all forms of microorganisms.

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Gas Chromatography (GC)

A technique for separating and identifying compounds, often used in blood analysis.

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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

A method for separating and identifying liquid compounds, useful in drug testing.

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Electrophoresis

A technique that separates proteins by charge and size for analysis.

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Automated Analyzers

Machines that perform rapid biochemical measurements in laboratories.

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Biochemical Hazards

Risks associated with chemicals, requiring proper storage and PPE.

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Medical Waste Disposal

Process used for disposing of contaminated materials like dressings and sharps.

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Gram Staining

A staining technique used to classify bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative.

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Agar Plates

Medium used for culturing bacteria to promote growth and identify pathogens.

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Catalase Test

Test that differentiates species of Staphylococcus based on hydrogen peroxide reaction.

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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A molecular technique used to detect specific bacterial DNA or RNA.

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Dark-Field Microscopy

A technique that enhances visibility of small or transparent bacteria.

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Blood Analysis

Examination of blood components to identify infections or disorders.

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Automated Biochemical Systems

Machines like VITEK that perform biochemical tests for fast bacteria identification.

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Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A blood test that evaluates red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets.

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Automated Hematology Analyzers

Machines that count blood cells and measure hemoglobin parameters.

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Blood Smear Microscopy

Manual examination of blood to observe cell shapes and diagnose diseases.

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Hemoglobin Test

Measures the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood.

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Prothrombin Time (PT)

Test measuring how long it takes blood to clot.

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Flow Cytometry

Technique to analyze blood cell populations using fluorescent antibodies.

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Electrolyte Analysis

Measures electrolytes like sodium and potassium in blood.

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Immunoassays (ELISA)

Tests that use antibodies to detect specific proteins or hormones in blood.

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Study Notes

Sterilization, Disinfectants, and Antiseptics

  • Sterilization: Killing all forms of microbes, including spores.
  • Disinfectants: Antimicrobial agents applied to non-living objects to reduce pathogenic microorganisms.
  • Antiseptics: Antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue/skin to reduce infection risk. Antiseptics must not harm living tissue.

Sterilization Methods

  • Divided into chemical and physical methods.

Chemical Sterilization Methods

  • Used for devices sensitive to high heat or irradiation (e.g., plastics, rubbers).
  • Divided into chemical liquid sterilization and chemical vapor sterilization.

Physical Sterilization Methods

  • Uses physical agents/processes to eliminate all microorganisms.
    • Examples include autoclaving (moist heat), dry heat sterilization, filtration, radiation (e.g., gamma rays), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Disinfectant Classification

  • High-level disinfectants: Used for large numbers of spores after prolonged exposure to vegetative bacteria, tubercle bacilli, fungi, and viruses.
  • Intermediate-level disinfectants: Used for a few numbers of spores. Applies to vegetative bacteria, tubercle bacilli, fungi, and enveloped viruses.
  • Low-level disinfectants: Used for mainly vegetative bacteria, some fungi, and a narrow range of viruses.

Chemical Vapor Sterilization

  • Chemiclave: Uses a mixture of chemicals like alcohol, formaldehyde/ketone, and acetone, heated under pressure as a sterilizing gas.
  • Fumigation: Potassium permanganate mixed with formalin for creating a fumigant.

Physical Sterilization Methods (Detailed)

  • Autoclaving (Moist Heat): High-pressure steam, typically 121°C (250°F) for 15-20 minutes, sterilizes media, tools, and biohazard waste.
  • Dry Heat Sterilization: Heating materials to high temperatures (160-180°C or 320-356°F) for 1-2 hours, suitable for sterilizing metal instruments, glassware, and powders.
  • Filtration: Removing microbes using filters with small pores (typically 0.2 microns) to remove microbes.
  • Radiation: Uses gamma rays or electron beams; suitable for medical equipment, disposable plastics. Penetrates deeply and suitable for heat-sensitive materials.
  • Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Uses UV-C light (254 nm) to damage the DNA of microorganisms, suitable for sterilizing air, water, and surfaces.

Boiling

  • Boiling water (100°C or 212°F) for 10-15 minutes kills some bacteria and viruses but may not eliminate spores.

Incineration

  • Destroys contaminated materials by very high temperature burning.

Diagnosis of Bacteria

  • Microscopy: Techniques like Gram staining (Gram-positive/Gram-negative), Acid-fast staining (detecting Mycobacterium species).
  • Culture methods: Using agar plates, broth cultures (detecting bacterial growth).
  • Biochemical testing: Catalase, coagulase, oxidase, and urease tests. Automated systems (VITEK or BD Phoenix) for faster identification.
  • Molecular methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for rapid identification of specific bacteria.
  • DNA Sequencing: Sequencing bacterial genomes providing highly specific identification and antibiotic resistance information.

Blood Analysis

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC): Automated analyzers count RBC, WBC, platelets, measures hemoglobin & hematocrit etc. Microscopic blood smears for diagnosing infections/anemias.
  • Hemoglobin and Hematocrit: Measures hemoglobin concentration and proportion of red blood cells (RBCs). Low levels indicate anemia, high levels indicate polycythemia.
  • Blood Coagulation Tests: Prothrombin Time (PT) and Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) for diagnosing bleeding disorders and monitoring anticoagulant therapy.
  • Platelet Function Tests: Detecting platelet disorders & bleeding risks.
  • Flow Cytometry: Analysis of blood cell populations using fluorescent antibodies. Useful for diagnosing leukemias/lymphomas & immune function.
  • Bone Marrow Analysis: Provides information about blood cell production, useful for diagnosing hematologic cancers/anemias.

Clinical Chemistry

  • Spectrophotometry: Measuring light absorbance of substances (e.g., glucose, cholesterol) in blood, used to determine concentrations.
  • Enzymatic Reactions: Many tests use specific enzyme reactions that produce color changes detectable by spectrophotometry.
  • Electrolyte Analysis: Measures electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride).
  • Immunoassays (ELISA): Uses antibodies to detect specific proteins.
  • Chromatography: Gas and HPLC separate compounds in blood/urine (useful in drug testing, toxicology).
  • Electrophoresis: Separates proteins based on charge & size for protein analysis & multiple myeloma detection.
  • Automated Analyzers: Modern labs use these to measure various biochemical markers for high-throughput & rapid diagnostics.

Laboratory Safety

  • First Aid: Kits, eyewash stations, emergency showers accessible and staff trained.
  • Biochemical Hazards: Proper storage, labeling, personal protective equipment (PPE), and disposal of chemical waste.
  • Biological Hazards: Bio safety protocols, biological safety cabinets, disinfection & appropriate handling of pathogens.
  • General Safety: Following standard operating procedures (SOPs), safety checks & maintaining safety equipment. Reporting hazards.

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Sterilization, Disinfectant and Antiseptic Techniques PDF

Description

Explore the crucial concepts of sterilization, disinfectants, and antiseptics through this informative quiz. Learn about various chemical and physical sterilization methods used in maintaining hygiene, along with the classifications of disinfectants. Test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of infection control practices.

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