Stem Cells - Cell Types and Components

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Questions and Answers

Which cellular structure is responsible for organizing microtubules and determining the location of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell?

  • Lysosome
  • Centrosome (correct)
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus

What is the main role of telomeres, the DNA-protein structures found at both ends of each chromosome?

  • To facilitate chromosome replication
  • To code for essential proteins
  • To protect the genome from degradation and fusion (correct)
  • To initiate cell division

What is meant by 'self-renewal' in the context of stem cell properties?

  • The ability of a stem cell to continuously divide while maintaining its undifferentiated state. (correct)
  • The process by which stem cells are eliminated through apoptosis.
  • The secretion of growth factors by stem cells.
  • The transformation of a stem cell into a specialized cell type.

What is the primary role of the centromere during cell division?

<p>Attaching sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'apoptosis'?

<p>A type of programmed cell death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'stem cell niche'?

<p>The specific location in the body where stem cells reside, receive stimuli, and interact with their surroundings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key characteristic of stem cells is their ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. What best describes this process?

<p>Stem cells can give rise to different cell types with specialized functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Telomere length in somatic cells typically declines with each cell division. What is the consequence of this shortening?

<p>Cellular senescence or cell division stops. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from adult stem cells (ASCs) in terms of differentiation potential?

<p>ESCs can differentiate into all cell types of the body, whereas ASCs have a more limited differentiation potential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells release various substances, including cytokines, proteins, and exosomes. What is the totality of substances released by stem cells referred to as?

<p>The secretome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to control stem cell development or proliferation once stem cells have been placed into a patient?

<p>To prevent the risk of tumor formation or other undesired effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of a progenitor cell, as opposed to a stem cell?

<p>It has not yet been shown to self-renew. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If stem cells are taken from the patient's own body, or his or her cord blood, for stem-cell based therapy, it is referred to as what therapeutic approach?

<p>Autologous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of allogeneic stem cell transplantation?

<p>Stem cells are obtained from a donor who is not genetically identical to the recipient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In xenotransplantation, which of the following is the source of the stem cells?

<p>A different animal species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ethical concern associated with the use of mouse 'feeder' cells in embryonic stem cell culture?

<p>Potential contamination and immune rejection due to xenotransplantation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of stem cells, what is meant by 'differentiation'?

<p>The process by which a stem cell becomes a more specialized cell type (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating the use of stem cells to repair damaged heart tissue after a myocardial infarction. Which characteristic of stem cells is MOST important for this application?

<p>Their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into cardiac cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a stem cell being 'unspecialized' in its natural state?

<p>It enables the stem cell to remain dormant until it receives a specific signal to develop into a specialized cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do totipotent stem cells have the potential to develop into?

<p>A new individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the requirements for stem cell therapies to be used to treat various ailments?

<p>The right type of the stem cells, the right place, and the desired function in the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the aging process of cells, why does an aging cell stop division at the Time marker?

<p>Telomeres shorten (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best describes the process of 'differentiation' in stem cell biology?

<p>A stem cell transforms into a specialized cell type with a specific function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) in research and therapy, compared to embryonic stem cells (ESCs)?

<p>iPS cells do not require the destruction of embryos, addressing a major ethical concern. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is an example of multipotent stem cells?

<p>Various blood, connective, or bone cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a key component of a stem cell niche?

<p>Extracellular matrix and neighboring niche cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to study the effect of a new drug on early embryonic development. Which type of stem cells would be most appropriate for this research?

<p>Pluripotent stem cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Several factors go into making a stem cell's health. But when comparing if repeatabilty and easy quality control, what can be determined about stem cells vs. the secretome?

<p>Easy to reproduce with excellent quality control regarding the secretome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A biologist is trying to determine if the sex of the patient can make a difference in the process of stem cell therapy. Based on studies on mice, what can be determined about bone transplants using a gelatin based implementation?

<p>Bone healing is enhanced in males better than females. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content about the 'aging process', what happens to cells that causes it to be in the aging process?

<p>Telomeres shorten (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on bone structural composition, why is it important to organize microtubules to serve at the cell's skeletal system?

<p>Help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the context of 'stem cell niche', identify the function of the cancer stem cell niche:

<p>Providing survival signals and induction of metastasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source material for 'Adult Stem Cells' for autologous transplants?

<p>Peripheral blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If someone was against cloning another human, but was for new research. What would be something that might affect their opinion to stay against cloning, but be more for continued research?

<p>Research being done on molecular cloning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). From which location would these stem cells typically be derived?

<p>Bone Marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of stem cells?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some challenges mentioned to stem cell research?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is associated with committed progenitors?

<p>Transient amplifying cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is Wharton's jelly?

<p>within the umbilical cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stem cells

Cells that can divide and renew themselves for long periods, are unspecialized, and can give rise to specialized cell types.

Prokaryotic cells

Cells that have no nucleus and are single-celled, such as bacteria.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that have a true nucleus and are multi-celled, like animal and plant cells.

Cell membrane

A lipid bilayer which forms the outer boundary of a cell.

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Cytoplasm

The liquid broth inside the cell.

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Nucleus

Organelle that contains reticulated nucleoli.

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Where proteins are made.

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Golgi complexes

Organelle that processes and packages proteins.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell; produces energy.

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Lysosomes

Cellular organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down waste.

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Centrosomes

Organelles that organize microtubules in cells.

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Centromere

The constricted region of a chromosome crucial for cell division.

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Telomeres

Structures at the ends of chromosomes that protect the genome.

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Self-renewal

The capacity of a stem cell to continuously divide, renewing in an undifferentiated state.

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Differentiation

The process where a stem cell becomes specialized.

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Stem cell niche

The microenvironment where stem cells reside and receive stimuli.

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Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)

Stem cells derived from early embryos with the potential to differentiate into any cell type.

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Fetal Stem Cells (FSCs)

Stem cells found in fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult tissues.

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Adult Stem Cells (ASCs)

Stem cells found in adult tissues that can differentiate into a limited number of cell types.

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Totipotent stem cells

Stem cells that can develop into a new individual.

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Pluripotent stem cells

Stem cells that can form any (over 200) cell types.

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Multipotent stem cells

Stem cells that differentiated, but can form a number of other tissues

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Progenitor cells

A dividing cell able to differentiate into specific cell types, but not self-renewed

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Autologous Stem Cells

Stem cells from the patients own body

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Allogeneic Stem Cells

Stem cells sources from another donor

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Xenogenic Stem Cells

Stem cells from different species transplanted from the animal kingdom to human bodies

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Stem cell secretome

These cells act a progenitors, and form cellular signals, containing micro-vesicles, proteins and cytokines

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iPS cells

Adult cells genetically reprogrammed to behave like embryonic stem cells

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Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

stem cells in the blood cell lineage

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Neural stem cells (NSCs)

stem cells in the lineage of the nervous system cells

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Study Notes

  • The presentation introduces stem cells as of 2025
  • Prof. Dr. Osama Azmy from NRC is giving the presentation.

Cell Types Classification

  • Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and and made of Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
  • Prokaryotic cells are single-celled, ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 µm in diameter
  • Prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission
  • Eukaryotic cells possess a true nucleus and are multi-celled and made of plant or animal cells
  • Eukaryotic cell size ranges from 10 to 100 µm in diameter
  • Eukaryotic cells reproduce sexually and asexually

Cell Components

  • Cells are the basic building blocks of tissues and have:
  • Cytoplasm (liquid inside the cell)
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane (lipid bilayer)
  • Genetic material (DNA)
  • Ability to intake nutrients
  • Energy synthesis
  • Removal of wastes
  • Cells possess a large nucleus with reticulated nucleoli
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum exists inside the cell cytoplasm
  • All cells possess Golgi complexes and Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes exist inside the cell cytoplasm
  • Most cells possess Centrosomes with centrioles, which organize the cytoskeleton

Centrioles and Cell Division

  • Centrioles are paired, barrel-shaped organelles near the cell nucleus
  • Centrioles organize microtubules, aiding in the cell's skeletal structure
  • Centrioles determine the location of the nucleus and organelles
  • Centromeres are constricted chromosome regions, crucial for cell division
  • Centromeres are where spindle fibers attach and are the region for the kinetochore protein
  • Centromeres are non-coding DNA regions
  • Telomeres are specific DNA-protein structures at chromosome ends
  • Telomeres protect the genome from degradation, repair, recombination, prevent interchromosomal fusion, and preserve genomic information
  • Telomere shortening can lead to halted cell division and cell death, contributing to the aging

Historical information

  • 1968: First bone marrow transplant
  • 1981: Mouse embryonic stem cells were discovered
  • 1992: Adult stem cells were identified in human brain tissue
  • 1995: Rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells were discovered
  • 1997: Dolly the sheep was cloned using nuclear transfer
  • 1998: Human embryonic stem cells were discovered
  • 2001: Mouse embryonic stem cells were cloned
  • 2014: Clinical trial using retinal cells from human induced pluripotent (iPS) stem cells to treat macular degeneration was performed

Stem Cell Properties

  • Stem cells can divide and renew themselves for extended periods
  • Stem cells are unspecialized
  • Stem cells can give rise to specialized cell types
  • Stem cells are "uncommitted" until signaled to develop into a specialized cell

Apoptosis

  • A programmed cell death with a non-apoptotic cause.
  • Faulty enzymes are digested or incorporated in other cells

Stem Cell Self Renewal

  • Stem cells can continuously divide while maintaining an undifferentiated state so they can copy themselves and differentiate for specializing

Stem Cell Types

  • Totipotent: Can develop into a new individual like cells from early(1-3 days) embryos
  • Pluripotent: Can form any (over 200) cell types like the the blastocyst (5 to 14 days)
  • Multi potent: They are differentiated, but can form a number of other tissues
  • Multipotent stem cells are fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells

Stem Cell Niche

  • Stem cells reside and receive stimuli supporting self-renewal and regulating differentiation
  • The niche is where extrinsic signals interact and integrate to influence stem cell behavior

Stem Cell Niche Structure

  • Include supporting ECM, neighboring niche cells or secreted soluble signaling factors, physical and environmental signals
  • Hematopoietic, Hair follicle, Intestinal, Cardiovascular, Neural, Cancer stem cell niches exist

The Cancer Stem Cell Niche

  • Cancer tissue is morphologically heterogeneous.
  • Cancer stem cells result from aberrant microenvironment signaling
  • Aberrant microenvironment signaling participates in survival signals to CSCs and in metastasis by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Stem Cell Origins for Human Stem Cells

  • Embryonic
  • Gonadal ridge
  • Fetal tissue
  • Umbilical cord blood
  • Wharton's Jelly

Stem Cell Classification by Source

  • Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)
  • Are totipotent
  • Include Embryo cells (1-3 days) or cells from the morula stage of embryo
  • Fetal Stem Cells (FSC)
  • Are Pluripotent
  • Are blastocyst cells that come from the placenta (5-14 days)
  • Adult Stem Cells (ASC)
  • Are Multipotent, Oligopotent and Unipotent
  • Come from Fetal tissue, cord blood and adult cells

Stem Cell Locations

  • Stem cells are in blood vessels and bone marrow, brain, gut, heart, liver, ovaries and tests
  • Somatic Stem Cells are stem cells that exist in the fetus, baby and throughout life and can be located in fat tissue

How Stem Cells Act as Progenitor Cells

  • A progenitor cell divides and can differentiate into different cell types, including potential stem cells awaiting self-renewal
  • Progenitor Stem Cells act as the body system repair, they will maintain specialized cells and regenerate needed organs

Stem cells and Progenitor cells

  • Stem cells self renew and divid rarely with high potency
  • Progenitor cells use transient amplification are multipotent fast dividing cells with no self-renewal available

Types of stem cell transplants

  • Autologous
  • The patient's stem cells are used from their own body or cord blood
  • Allogeneic
  • Stem cells are used from another donor such as Relatives (familial-allogeneic)
  • Completly unrelated donors (unrelated-allogeneic)
  • Xenogenic
  • Stem cells transplanted different species are used
  • Immuno supression is needed and there is possible rejection

Applying the Stem Cell and Xenogenic - FVM Transplant

  • Stem cells are transplanted from different species
  • This has no major ethical concerns and a large amount of tissue is available, because striatal porcine fetal mesencephalic (FVM) is used in treatment for Parkinson's disease.

Benefits of Stem Cell Treatment

  • Stem cells could allow scientists to test new drugs using human cell line speeding up creation
  • Safe drugs would proceed to whole animal or human testing allowing to quickly new drugs

Stem Cells Cloning Types

  • Reproductive cloning
  • Use to make two identical individuals
  • Illegal to do on humans

Regenerative medicine

  • Stem cell transplants are used to replace replaceable tissues and organs
  • Stem cell transplants can be used to repair defective cell types

Uses of Stem Cell Research

  • Can be researched and tested on in-vitro, leading to faster drug development
  • Allows for a faster understanding of cell differentiation and what promotes cell growth

Medical Applications

  • Any disease in which there is tissue degeneration can be a potential candidate for stem cell therapies
  • There is major progress in Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Spinal cord injury, Heart disease, Severe burns and diabetes.
  • 43 FDA-approved stem cell cellular therapy products exist

Considerations for Stem Cell Research

  • Stem cell development/proliferation, stem cell transplant rejection, and germinating foreign containments must be controlled
  • Mouse "feeder" cells can cause xenotransplantation issues

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