Stem Cells and Types

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of embryonic stem cells?

They are only found in adult tissues.

They are pluripotent and can give rise to all types of cells in the body. (correct)

They are unipotent and can differentiate along one cell line only.

They are multipotent and can only give rise to a limited number of cell types.

What is the main difference between pluripotent and multipotent stem cells?

Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all types of cells, while multipotent stem cells can only give rise to a limited number of cell types. (correct)

Pluripotent stem cells are more likely to form teratomas than multipotent stem cells.

Multipotent stem cells are more capable of self-renewal than pluripotent stem cells.

Pluripotent stem cells are only found in embryonic development, while multipotent stem cells are found in adult tissues.

What is the primary function of progenitor cells?

To undergo asymmetric division and give rise to more stem cells.

To undergo self-renewal and maintain a pool of stem cells.

To form teratomas in vivo.

To differentiate into other mature cell types. (correct)

What is a characteristic of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

They are genetically modified adult cells to resemble embryonic-like stem cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is a marker of pluripotent stem cells?

OCT3/4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of unipotent stem cells?

They can only differentiate along one cell line. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of adult stem cells?

They are multipotent and can give rise to a limited number of cell types. Signup and view all the answers

What is teratoma formation?

The spontaneous formation of a benign tumor-like structure that includes all three germ layers. Signup and view all the answers

Where are some cells trapped during the two migration waves?

Wharton's jelly Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in Umbilical Cord Blood?

Mesodermal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Umbilical Cord Blood MSCs?

Higher differentiation potential than BM-MSCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells?

Ectomesenchyme Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells?

High differentiation potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of Dental Stem Cell?

Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSC) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Cancer Stem Cells?

Self-renewal capacity Signup and view all the answers

Where are Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) derived from?

Deciduous teeth Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of surface antigens required for mesenchymal stem cells according to the International Society of Cellular Transplant (ISCT)?

≥ 95% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hematopoietic stem cells?

High plasticity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cell population in Umbilical Cord Blood?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of adipose-derived stem cells?

CD31- CD34+ CD45- CD90+ Signup and view all the answers

Where do hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells reside?

Adult Bone Marrow and Umbilical Cord Blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells?

Low immunogenic cells Signup and view all the answers

During embryogenesis, where do HSCs and MSCs migrate to from the yolk sac and aorta-gonad-mesonephros?

Placenta and then to the fetal liver and bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Umbilical Cord Blood compared to Adult Peripheral Blood?

Higher ratio of Anti-Inflammatory vs. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What are the four Yamanaka factors that are used to induce pluripotency in cells?

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, while adult stem cells are multipotent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stem cells is derived from the mesoderm?

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of trophic support in Mesenchymal Stem Cells?

To provide helper molecules for growth and development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Hematopoietic Stem Cells?

Pluripotent Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Oct4 and c-Myc?

Oct4 regulates developmental signaling, while c-Myc regulates metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the main location of Mesenchymal Stem Cells?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) and Embryonic Stem Cells?

iPSCs are derived from adult cells, while Embryonic Stem Cells are derived from embryos Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stem Cells

Stem cells are unspecialized cells with the capacity for self-renewal, asymmetric division, and transformation into other mature cell types.
They can be classified into embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Derived from the inner cell mass of developing blastocysts.
Pluripotent stem cells, capable of differentiating into all three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
Self-renewal in-vivo and in-vitro.
Pluripotency stem cell markers include OCT3/4, Nanog, Sox2, SSEA4, TRA1-81, and TRA1-60.
Can form teratomas, which are tumors that contain cells from all three germ layers.

Adult Stem Cells

Also referred to as somatic stem cells.
Not entirely "adult," but rather "post-embryonic" stem cells.
Mostly multipotent, rather than pluripotent.
Limited differentiation potential.
Capacity for self-renewal.
Examples include hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Multipotent stem cells.
Traditionally found in red bone marrow (stromal MSC).
Can be isolated from other tissues, such as adipose tissue, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, and dental tissues.
Differentiation potential includes adipocytes, chondrocytes, tenocytes, osteocytes, and myocytes.
Surface antigens according to the International Society of Cellular Transplant (ISCT) include CD105, CD73, CD90, and CD45.
Can be isolated using affinity for plastic adherence.
Easy in-vitro expansion.
High plasticity.
Immune privileged.
Immunomodulatory effects via cytokine secretion.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Multipotent stem cells.
Derived from mesoderm.
Able to give rise to all blood cells (lymphoid, myeloid).
Located in adult bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood.
Limited transdifferentiation potential (muscle, liver, bone).

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetically modified adult cells to resemble embryonic-like stem cells.
May substitute for embryonic stem cells.
Discovered in 2006 by Prof. Yamanaka and Takahashi, Nobel Prize.
Potential for mutagenesis.
Yamanaka factors include Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.
Highly expressed in embryonic stem cells.
Developmental signaling network of embryonic stem cells.
Determinant of embryonic stem cell pluripotency.

Umbilical Cord Blood

Primary cell population includes lymphocytes and monocytes.
Higher natural killer (NK) population.
Lower T-lymphocyte population.
Higher proportion of immature T-lymphocytes.
Lower absolute numbers of cytokines.
Presumption: higher ratio of anti- vs. pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Low immunogenic cells.
HSCs and MSCs migrate from the yolk sac and aorta-gonad-mesonephros to the placenta and then back to the fetal liver and bone marrow through the umbilical cord.

Other Stem Cells

Dental mesenchymal stem cells: originate from ectomesenchyme and neural crest, with high neural regenerative potential and neurotrophic factor secretion.
Amniotic fluid stem cells: likely released from fetal amniotic membrane, embryonic skin, digestive tract, and the respiratory and urogenital systems, with heterogeneous population, pluripotent markers, and MSC features.
Cancer stem cells: tumorigenic, with similar characteristics to normal stem cells, including self-renewal and asymmetric division.

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Description

Learn about stem cells, their characteristics, and different types including embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.