Stem Cell Quiz on Mature Cells

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Questions and Answers

At what stage in life is red marrow primarily located in the axial skeleton?

Adulthood (correct)

Adolescence

Elderly

Infancy

What happens to yellow marrow under conditions of severe bleeding?

It produces more fat

It remains unchanged

It reverts to red marrow (correct)

It becomes more yellow

What characterizes leukemia?

Decreased production of plasma cells

Malignant proliferation of red blood cells

Increased platelet production

Malignant proliferation of white cell precursors (correct)

Which type of marrow accumulates fat and loses hemopoietic functions?

Yellow marrow (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is leukemia classified?

According to the cell line involved (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells can be categorized based on the degree of malignancy?

Granulocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the abnormal stages of development in cells?

Blast cell (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is NOT typically classified under granulocytic cells?

Monocytes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which classification system reflects both the type of cell and the degree of malignancy?

Hematopoietic (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the normal development stages leading to a blast cell?

Differentiation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of red bone marrow?

Production of blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of band cells?

Nucleus is horse-shoe shaped (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to yellow bone marrow under conditions of severe bleeding?

It converts back to red bone marrow (D) Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a shift to the left in a blood smear?

Presence of immature neutrophils (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about metamyelocytes is correct?

They have an eccentric, kidney-shaped nucleus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells do reticular cells in red bone marrow produce?

Stem cell factor (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which constitutes the structure of red bone marrow?

Stroma and sinusoidal capillaries (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having both azurophilic and specific granules in the cytoplasm of band cells?

They assist in phagocytosis and inflammatory response (C) Signup and view all the answers

In newborns, what type of bone marrow is present?

All red marrow that is blood cell active (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cell gives rise to megakaryocytes?

Myeloid stem cell (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of pluripotent stem cells?

They can produce all blood cell types. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of hemopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac during early pregnancy?

Mesoblastic phase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell originates from the lymphoid lineage in progenitor cells?

Lymphocytes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between progenitor cells and precursor cells?

Progenitor cells can differentiate into multiple cell types, whereas precursor cells can only produce one type. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis?

It regulates the rate of red blood cell formation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about continuously dividing stem cells is correct?

They can maintain original populations through self-renewal. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types originate from a myeloid stem cell?

Platelets (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is the first recognizable erythrocyte precursor?

Proerythroblast (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT occur during the differentiation of stem cells?

Transformation into kidney cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to progenitor cells during cell division?

They produce both progenitor and precursor cells. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of precursor cells?

They produce only mature blood cells. (B) Signup and view all the answers

During what fetal stage does the myeloid phase of hemopoiesis begin?

Third trimester (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones and nutrients are essential for red blood cell formation during erythropoiesis?

Erythropoietin, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of lineage does CFU-GM belong to?

Granulocyte-monocyte lineage (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the body does hemopoiesis occur primarily postnatally?

Bone marrow (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate diameter of a polychromatophilic erythroblast?

10-12 µm (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which features characterize the nucleus of an orthochromatophilic erythroblast?

Small with denser chromatin structure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the cytoplasm in polychromatophilic erythroblasts?

It varies from blue-grey to state-grey. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cell division in relation to cytoplasmic organelles?

There is a progressive loss of cytoplasmic organelles. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What staining properties are observed in polychromatophilic erythroblasts?

They take both basic and acidic stains. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes an acidophilic erythroblast?

Cytoplasm is acidophilic. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the size of the cell during the transition to late normoblast stage?

The cell becomes smaller, around 11 µm. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by deeply basophilic cytoplasm in relation to cell division?

Cell division is completely inactive. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intermediate normoblast' refer to in erythroblast stages?

The stage before the late normoblast. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What color are ribosomes characteristic of in the cytoplasm of erythroblasts?

Blue-grey (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hematopoiesis Overview

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, originating from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.
Stem cells can undergo asymmetric division and self-renewal, forming two cell lineages: myeloid and lymphoid.

Types of Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cells give rise to all blood cell types, including myeloid (e.g., erythrocytes, granulocytes) and lymphoid cells (e.g., lymphocytes).
Myeloid stem cells are multipotent and contribute to various blood cell types including granulocytes and monocytes.
Lymphoid stem cells are also multipotent, producing all types of lymphocytes.

Cell Lineage and Development

Stem cells develop into progenitor cells, specifically Colony-Forming Units (CFUs):
- CFU-E (erythrocytes)
- CFU-M (megakaryocytes)
- CFU-GM (granulocytes and monocytes)
- CFU-L (lymphocytes)

Erythropoiesis

The transformation from stem cell to erythrocyte takes about one week and is regulated by erythropoietin, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12.
Key precursors include proerythroblasts, polychromatophilic erythroblasts, and orthochromatophilic erythroblasts.

Bone Marrow Functionality

Red bone marrow is responsible for blood cell production, while yellow marrow mainly contains fat cells but can revert to red in response to specific conditions (e.g., severe bleeding).
Hematopoietic stem cells reside in the stroma composed of reticular cells and fibers, and sinusoidal capillaries facilitate the migration of mature blood cells into circulation.

Mature Blood Cells

Mature blood cells include:
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Platelets

Clinical Significance

The presence of immature neutrophils (band cells) in blood indicates a left shift, often signaling a bacterial infection, prompting increased production from bone marrow.

Bone Marrow Structure

Red bone marrow is rich in hematopoietic cells and strategically located within the medullary cavities of bones.
It consists of stroma supporting hematopoiesis and sinusoidal capillaries allowing mature cells to enter circulation.

Key Points on Cell Division

Stem cell division is slow, while progenitor and precursor cells divide rapidly, resulting in mature blood cells.
Precursor cells can only yield mature blood cells, distinguishing them functionally from progenitor cells which can produce both progenitor and precursor cells.### Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow
Severe bleeding can lead to a significant decrease in blood cell count.
In adults, red marrow primarily resides in the axial skeleton: flat bones of the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvic bones.
Long bones accumulate fat with age, resulting in yellow marrow, which loses hemopoietic function.
Under certain conditions such as severe bleeding or hypoxia, yellow marrow can revert to red marrow and regain hematopoietic capabilities.

Leukemia

Defined by the malignant proliferation of white cell precursors in the bone marrow.
Results in an increased number of white blood cells and their precursors spilling over into the bloodstream.
Classification is based on the cell line involved: granulocytic, monocytic, lymphocytic.
Degree of malignancy is also a classification criterion, impacting treatment and prognosis.
Abnormalities exist in the stages of development of blast cells and precursor cells, deviating from normal hematopoiesis.

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Description

Test your knowledge on mature stem cells and their precursors. This quiz delves into the characteristics and functions of mature cells in the body. Ideal for biology students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of cell biology.