Stem Cell Differentiation
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Questions and Answers

What term was used in ancient China to describe anything essential for existence?

  • Essentiality
  • Lifeblood (correct)
  • Vitality
  • Necessity

    • What did ancient Western civilizations believe circulated in the blood as per the text?

  • Healing energy
  • Evil spirits (correct)
  • Physical strength
  • Life force

    • What was the approach of ancient Chinese physicians towards bleeding patients to cure disease?

  • Highly effective treatment
  • Mandatory treatment
  • Commonly practiced treatment
  • Not a standard form of treatment (correct)

    • Who described the circulation of blood through the heart and blood vessels long before William Harvey?

    <p>Ancient Chinese physicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason Johann Muehlegg was expelled and stripped of his gold medal at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics?

    <p>He tested positive for a performance-enhancing chemical that increased the oxygen-carrying capacity of his blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Coagulation to prevent blood loss in damaged vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is responsible for specific immune responses directed against invaders?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the blood?

    <p>Maintaining colloid osmotic pressure and carrying various substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular element in the blood plays a key role in defending the body against foreign invaders such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages in the body?

    <p>Engulfing and ingesting foreign particles such as bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for cell fragments that have split off a relatively large parent cell known as a megakaryocyte?

    <p>Thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of white blood cells contain cytoplasmic inclusions that give them a granular appearance?

    <p>Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are tissue basophils called?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of monocytes after they leave the circulation and enter the tissues?

    <p>Developing into macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Muehlegg's sport at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics?

    <p>Cross-country skiing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Galen of Pergamum advocate as a treatment for many disorders?

    <p>Bloodletting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of total body weight that constituted the total blood volume in a 70-kg man?

    <p>4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the plasma, what accounts for about 92% of its weight?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein makes up about 60% of the total proteins in the plasma?

    <p>Albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the osmotic pressure of the blood higher than that of the interstitial fluid?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for carrying material from one part of the body to another?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who synthesizes and secretes some globulins, known as immunoglobulins or antibodies?

    <p>Specialized blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of blood accounts for about 2 liters in a 5-liter blood volume?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of blood participates in defense against foreign invaders?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What practice did leeches reportedly help ancient Indians distinguish between healthy and infected blood?

    <p>Bloodletting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cytokines?

    <p>Peptides or proteins released from one cell that affect the growth and development of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the name 'interleukin' signify?

    <p>Cytokines released by white blood cells to act on other white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine regulates the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes?

    <p>Thrombopoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the production of erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>Low oxygen levels in the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the body?

    <p>Stimulate platelet production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did scientists identify erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>By isolating and cloning the gene for it after identifying its amino acid sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for stimulating EPO synthesis and release?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are colony-stimulating factors?

    <p>Molecules that affect the growth and development of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are interleukins?

    <p>Cytokines released by white blood cells to act on other white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of EPO that caused a delay in its isolation?

    <p>It is made on demand and not stored like classic peptide hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are uncommitted hematopoietic stem cells primarily found?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At birth, which organ and/or tissue no longer produce blood cells?

    <p>Liver and spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes active bone marrow appear red in color?

    <p>Abundance of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

    <p>Pelvis and spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplants in patients with hematological diseases?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells differentiate into red blood cells, lymphocytes, other white blood cells, and megakaryocytes?

    <p>Progenitor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body can resume blood cell production in times of need?

    <p>Inactive marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is umbilical cord blood considered a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells?

    <p>Presence of uncommitted stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the life span of white blood cells in comparison to red blood cells?

    <p>Shorter life span</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does blood synthesis primarily spread to as the embryo develops?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated proportion of uncommitted stem cells in the bone marrow?

    <p>1 out of every 100,000 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives scientists to isolate and grow uncommitted hematopoietic stem cells?

    <p>To use as replacements in patients with damaged stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>Controlling red blood cell synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells primarily produce erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>Kidney cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in leukopoiesis?

    <p>Promoting leukocyte production and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fascinating aspect of leukopoiesis mentioned in the text?

    <p>The regulation of leukocyte development by existing white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of differential white cell count in clinical diagnosis?

    <p>To assess the relative proportions of different types of leukocytes in the circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary influence of thrombopoietin (TPO) on blood cell production?

    <p>Controlling platelet production and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cytokines released by active leukocytes fighting bacterial infections stimulate?

    <p>Production of additional neutrophils and monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of cytokines linked to hematopoiesis?

    <p>Mobilizing hematopoietic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of erythropoietin (EPO) compared to peptide hormones?

    <p>It is primarily made on demand rather than stored in vesicles like peptide hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens once a leukocyte matures?

    <p>It loses its ability to undergo mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

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