60 Questions
What term was used in ancient China to describe anything essential for existence?
Lifeblood
What did ancient Western civilizations believe circulated in the blood as per the text?
Evil spirits
What was the approach of ancient Chinese physicians towards bleeding patients to cure disease?
Not a standard form of treatment
Who described the circulation of blood through the heart and blood vessels long before William Harvey?
Ancient Chinese physicians
What is the primary reason Johann Muehlegg was expelled and stripped of his gold medal at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics?
He tested positive for a performance-enhancing chemical that increased the oxygen-carrying capacity of his blood
Which blood component is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?
Red blood cells
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
Coagulation to prevent blood loss in damaged vessels
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for specific immune responses directed against invaders?
Lymphocytes
What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the blood?
Maintaining colloid osmotic pressure and carrying various substances
Which cellular element in the blood plays a key role in defending the body against foreign invaders such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses?
White blood cells
What is the main function of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages in the body?
Engulfing and ingesting foreign particles such as bacteria
What is the term used for cell fragments that have split off a relatively large parent cell known as a megakaryocyte?
Thrombocytes
Which types of white blood cells contain cytoplasmic inclusions that give them a granular appearance?
Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
What are tissue basophils called?
Mast cells
What is the primary role of monocytes after they leave the circulation and enter the tissues?
Developing into macrophages
What was Muehlegg's sport at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics?
Cross-country skiing
What did Galen of Pergamum advocate as a treatment for many disorders?
Bloodletting
What was the percentage of total body weight that constituted the total blood volume in a 70-kg man?
4%
In the plasma, what accounts for about 92% of its weight?
Water
Which protein makes up about 60% of the total proteins in the plasma?
Albumins
What makes the osmotic pressure of the blood higher than that of the interstitial fluid?
Plasma proteins
What is responsible for carrying material from one part of the body to another?
Plasma
Who synthesizes and secretes some globulins, known as immunoglobulins or antibodies?
Specialized blood cells
What component of blood accounts for about 2 liters in a 5-liter blood volume?
Red blood cells
What component of blood participates in defense against foreign invaders?
Plasma
What practice did leeches reportedly help ancient Indians distinguish between healthy and infected blood?
Bloodletting
What are cytokines?
Peptides or proteins released from one cell that affect the growth and development of blood cells
What does the name 'interleukin' signify?
Cytokines released by white blood cells to act on other white blood cells
Which cytokine regulates the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes?
Thrombopoietin
What stimulates the production of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Low oxygen levels in the tissues
What is the role of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the body?
Stimulate platelet production
How did scientists identify erythropoietin (EPO)?
By isolating and cloning the gene for it after identifying its amino acid sequence
What is the primary source of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the body?
Liver
What is responsible for stimulating EPO synthesis and release?
Hypoxia
What are colony-stimulating factors?
Molecules that affect the growth and development of neutrophils
What are interleukins?
Cytokines released by white blood cells to act on other white blood cells
What is a characteristic of EPO that caused a delay in its isolation?
It is made on demand and not stored like classic peptide hormones
Where are uncommitted hematopoietic stem cells primarily found?
Bone marrow
At birth, which organ and/or tissue no longer produce blood cells?
Liver and spleen
What makes active bone marrow appear red in color?
Abundance of red blood cells
Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?
Pelvis and spine
What is the primary source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplants in patients with hematological diseases?
Bone marrow
What type of cells differentiate into red blood cells, lymphocytes, other white blood cells, and megakaryocytes?
Progenitor cells
Which part of the body can resume blood cell production in times of need?
Inactive marrow
Why is umbilical cord blood considered a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells?
Presence of uncommitted stem cells
What characterizes the life span of white blood cells in comparison to red blood cells?
Shorter life span
Where does blood synthesis primarily spread to as the embryo develops?
Bone marrow
What is the estimated proportion of uncommitted stem cells in the bone marrow?
1 out of every 100,000 cells
What drives scientists to isolate and grow uncommitted hematopoietic stem cells?
To use as replacements in patients with damaged stem cells
What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Controlling red blood cell synthesis
Which cells primarily produce erythropoietin (EPO)?
Kidney cells
What is the main role of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in leukopoiesis?
Promoting leukocyte production and development
What is the fascinating aspect of leukopoiesis mentioned in the text?
The regulation of leukocyte development by existing white blood cells
What is the purpose of differential white cell count in clinical diagnosis?
To assess the relative proportions of different types of leukocytes in the circulation
What is the primary influence of thrombopoietin (TPO) on blood cell production?
Controlling platelet production and development
What do cytokines released by active leukocytes fighting bacterial infections stimulate?
Production of additional neutrophils and monocytes
What is one of the key roles of cytokines linked to hematopoiesis?
Mobilizing hematopoietic stem cells
What is the distinguishing feature of erythropoietin (EPO) compared to peptide hormones?
It is primarily made on demand rather than stored in vesicles like peptide hormones
What is the primary source of thrombopoietin (TPO) in the body?
Liver
What happens once a leukocyte matures?
It loses its ability to undergo mitosis
Test your knowledge of the differentiation process of pluripotent stem cells into various cell types, including uncommitted stem cells, progenitor cells, and their specialized progeny like red blood cells, lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes.
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