Stem Cell Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Stem cells have the ability for ______ which maintains their population throughout life.

self renewal

Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells, which is known as ______.

differentiation

A ______ stem cell can differentiate into all types of cells in the body.

pluripotent

Totipotent stem cells can construct the entire ______.

<p>organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a number of ______ cell types.

<p>closely related</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bi/unipotent stem cells can differentiate into one or ______ different types of cells.

<p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ cells become lineage restricted as they mature.

<p>Progenitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ system comprises stem cells that become mature cells.

<p>haemopoietic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells are important because they have the ability to ______ and differentiate.

<p>self-renew</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells can give rise to over 200 different cell types in the human ______.

<p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells have the highest potential for ______ because they can become any cell type.

<p>differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adult stem cells often help in the ______ of certain tissues throughout a person's life.

<p>repopulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ system is one example of a system in the human body that is repopulated by stem cells.

<p>haemopoietic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adult stem cells help to ______ dead cells in the body.

<p>replace</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adult stem cells can regenerate damaged tissue through ______.

<p>injury-induced regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adult stem cells reside in specific ______ within their organ.

<p>niches</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bone marrow or peripheral stem cell ______ is a therapy routinely used within the NHS.

<p>harvest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells are derived from a ______ day old blastocyst.

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells are described as ______ because they can differentiate into various cell types.

<p>pluripotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

A significant ethical concern regarding embryonic stem cells is that their removal destroys the ______.

<p>embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells can lead to the development of ______ when transplanted into immune deficient mice.

<p>tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

Teratomas develop from the ______ cells.

<p>germ</p> Signup and view all the answers

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) can be created by reprogramming a ______ cell.

<p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Induced pluripotent stem cells have the potential to be ______.

<p>pluripotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

One advantage of iPS cells is that they are ______ to the patient.

<p>autologous</p> Signup and view all the answers

One negative aspect of iPS cells is their ______ efficiency rates.

<p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

IPS cells can be induced to become ______-like cells to study heart diseases.

<p>cardiomyocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

Induced pluripotent stem cells may pose a risk of ______ mutations during genomic manipulation.

<p>genomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike embryonic stem cells, iPS cells do not involve the same ethical ______.

<p>concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

The overarching term for replacing and regenerating human cells is ______.

<p>Regenerative Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of improving or replacing biological tissues using a combination of cells and technology is known as ______.

<p>Tissue Engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biomaterials can serve as ______ to create tissue structures.

<p>scaffolds</p> Signup and view all the answers

3D ______ is a technology that constructs scaffold tissues while considering cell integrity.

<p>Bioprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells have the unique property of ______, allowing them to divide and develop into various cell types.

<p>self-renewal</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are three main types of stem cells: embryonic, induced pluripotent, and ______.

<p>adult/somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells can differentiate into various cell types, demonstrating different ______ such as totipotent.

<p>potencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the challenges in regenerative medicine is addressing the ethical ______ surrounding stem cell use.

<p>dilemmas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells are important for repairing and regenerating ______ in the body.

<p>tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are created by reprogramming ______ cells.

<p>adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tissues like cartilage and heart have ______ regeneration capabilities.

<p>limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells are derived from a blastocyst that is typically a ______ day old.

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ system is an example of a system that is constantly repopulated by stem cells.

<p>haemopoietic</p> Signup and view all the answers

A stem cell that can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types is called ______.

<p>Multipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells that can only differentiate into one or two different types of cells are referred to as ______.

<p>Bi/Unipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progenitor cells have ______ proliferation compared to stem cells.

<p>limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all the cell types of the ______.

<p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Totipotent stem cells are uniquely able to construct an entire ______.

<p>organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ system is an example of a system where stem cells can help regenerate cells.

<p>Haemopoietic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells are essential because they have the potential for ______ and differentiation.

<p>self-renewal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mature cells arise from ______ cells during the differentiation process.

<p>progenitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adult stem cells are primarily found in ______ numbers.

<p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adult stem cells can generate cell types of the ______ from which they originate.

<p>organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells are derived from a 5 day old ______.

<p>blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells are described as ______ because they can differentiate into multiple cell types.

<p>pluripotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

One significant drawback of embryonic stem cells is the ______ concern associated with their use.

<p>ethical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transplantation of immature embryonic stem cell-derived tissues into immune-deficient mice may result in the development of ______.

<p>tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

An autologous stem cell therapy involves the use of an individual's own ______ cells.

<p>stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are tumors that can develop from germ cells.

<p>Teratomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

IPS cells are created by reprogramming a ______ cell.

<p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) have ______ properties similar to embryonic stem cells.

<p>pluripotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key advantage of iPS cells is that they use the patient’s own ______.

<p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

One negative aspect of iPS cells is their low ______ rates.

<p>efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

IPS cells can be induced to become ______-like cells for heart disease studies.

<p>cardiomyocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

Induced pluripotent stem cells pose a risk of genomic ______ during manipulation.

<p>mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regenerative medicine, both embryonic and iPS cells are largely in ______ studies.

<p>pre-clinical</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of using a combination of cells, engineering technology, biomaterials, and suitable biochemical factors to enhance biological tissues is called ______.

<p>tissue engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

3D ______ involves creating scaffold tissues while maintaining the integrity of various cell types.

<p>bioprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the right ______ in tissue engineering can help to create a structure for new tissue formation.

<p>biomaterials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells can be classified by their potency, such as totipotent, pluripotent, and ______ stem cells.

<p>multipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main ethical concern for embryonic stem cell research revolves around the ______ of embryos.

<p>destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) can be produced by ______ a somatic cell.

<p>reprogramming</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term ______ is used to describe the process of replacing or regenerating human cells and tissues.

<p>regenerative medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells have a very high potential for ______ due to their ability to become any cell type.

<p>differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from embryonic stem cells?

<p>iPS cells do not involve the same ethical concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell has the broadest differentiation potential?

<p>Embryonic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of adult stem cells in the human body?

<p>Regenerate specific tissues throughout life</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of stem cell therapies?

<p>Ethical concerns surrounding embryonic stem cell use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue engineering in the context of regenerative medicine?

<p>A process combining cells and biomaterials to restore or replace biological tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of adult stem cells?

<p>Generate cell types of the organ from which they originate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell therapy uses an individual's own cells?

<p>Autologous therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback associated with the use of embryonic stem cells?

<p>Ethical concerns related to embryo destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cells can differentiate into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers?

<p>Pluripotent stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about adult stem cells is true?

<p>They reside in specific niches within their organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines allogeneic stem cell therapy?

<p>Using cells from a donor of the same species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which potential issue arises from transplanting embryonic stem cell-derived tissues into immune deficient mice?

<p>Development of tumors with cells of all three germ layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of embryonic stem cells?

<p>They are immortal and can proliferate indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of stem cells in the body?

<p>To maintain cell populations through self-renewal and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into a wide range of cell types, including those of extra-embryonic tissues?

<p>Totipotent stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes multipotent stem cells from pluripotent stem cells?

<p>Multipotent stem cells are limited to closely related cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do progenitor cells differ from stem cells?

<p>Progenitor cells have limited proliferation capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is potency in the context of stem cells?

<p>The measure of a stem cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes bi/unipotent stem cells?

<p>They can only differentiate into one or two specific cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is derived from stem cells and has limited proliferation ability?

<p>Mature cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of totipotent stem cells?

<p>They can form an entire organism, including extra-embryonic tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells?

<p>They are capable of unlimited self-renewal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using induced pluripotent stem cells?

<p>There is a risk of genomic mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major benefit do iPS cells provide in medical research?

<p>They can be used to create disease models from patients' cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells can differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells for disease modeling?

<p>Induced pluripotent stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are iPS cells considered to have ethical advantages over embryonic stem cells?

<p>They are made from adult cells, avoiding the destruction of embryos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with iPS cells?

<p>They originate from pluripotent embryonic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of regenerative medicine, which of these statements about iPS cells is false?

<p>They are routinely used in healthcare settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell is characterized by a risk of forming tumors due to its pluripotency?

<p>Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of regenerative medicine?

<p>To replace, engineer, and regenerate cells, tissues, or organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue engineering primarily concerned with?

<p>Combining cells, engineering technology, and biomaterials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells are known for their unique property of self-renewal?

<p>Embryonic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bioprinting technique involves constructing scaffold tissues while protecting cell viability?

<p>3D bioprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concern is associated with the destruction of embryos in stem cell research?

<p>Moral implications of embryo destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of biomaterials in tissue engineering?

<p>To create structures that support tissue growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of stem cells has the potential to differentiate into all cells in the human body and can include embryonic stem cells?

<p>Pluripotent stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do induced pluripotent stem cells offer compared to other types of stem cells?

<p>They are tailor-made to the patient’s genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes stem cells from progenitor cells?

<p>Stem cells can differentiate into multiple cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells is created by reprogramming differentiated cells?

<p>Induced pluripotent stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regenerative medicine, what is a significant concern regarding the use of embryonic stem cells?

<p>Ethical implications of their collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues is known for having very limited regenerative capabilities?

<p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is tissue engineering critical in the field of regenerative medicine?

<p>It integrates biological tissues with technology to improve the healing process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes adult/somatic stem cells in relation to their population dynamics?

<p>They reside in specific niches and are often quiescent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential advantage do embryonic stem (ES) cells have over adult stem cells?

<p>They can differentiate into all cell types of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with the transplantation of immature embryonic stem cell-derived tissues?

<p>They can develop into tumors containing all three germ layer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell therapy involves using stem cells from a different species?

<p>Xenogeneic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about embryonic stem cells is true?

<p>They are sourced from 5-day-old embryos and can proliferate indefinitely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines autologous stem cell therapy?

<p>Application of a patient’s own stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of using embryonic stem cells for research?

<p>Their removal can destroy the embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario are adult stem cells primarily involved?

<p>Replacement of dead cells in already differentiated tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine?

<p>Their unique property of self-renewal and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In tissue engineering, how do biomaterials assist in creating tissue structures?

<p>By functioning as scaffolds to support cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges arise from using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)?

<p>They may carry mutations resulting from genomic reprogramming</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical dilemma is associated with the use of embryonic stem cells?

<p>The destruction of embryos during harvesting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering?

<p>To fabricate scaffolds while maintaining cell viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stem cell types is least likely to raise ethical concerns?

<p>Adult/somatic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes totipotent stem cells from pluripotent stem cells?

<p>Totipotent cells can form an entire organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do stem cells contribute to drug discovery and disease modeling?

<p>By providing a model for studying disease mechanism and treatment effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of induced pluripotent stem cells that differentiates them from somatic cells?

<p>They exhibit pluripotent properties similar to embryonic stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant concerns regarding the use of autologous induced pluripotent stem cells?

<p>Preparation of these cells can be time-consuming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties of induced pluripotent stem cells presents a risk in their application for regenerative medicine?

<p>They possess the potential for tumor formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) be practically utilized in disease modeling?

<p>They can be differentiated into tissue-specific cells to replicate diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell conversion?

<p>Conversion rates are relatively low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes teratomas from induced pluripotent stem cells in terms of their composition?

<p>Teratomas can include multiple types of differentiated tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation faced in clinical applications of induced pluripotent stem cells?

<p>Genomic manipulation may introduce mutations that are deleterious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and embryonic stem (ES) cells compare in terms of ethical concerns?

<p>ES cells face ethical concerns that iPS cells do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cell is primarily responsible for constructing an entire organism?

<p>Totipotent stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about multipotent stem cells is accurate?

<p>They are particularly involved in the haemopoietic lineage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the differentiation potential of a stem cell?

<p>The various specialized cells it can become</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes bi/unipotent stem cells?

<p>They can differentiate into either one or two specific cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of stem cells in relation to organ maintenance?

<p>To replace dead or damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect limits the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)?

<p>They exhibit low genomic stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would totipotent stem cells be primarily found?

<p>In the early stages of embryonic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine

  • Stem cells are crucial for the body's repair and maintenance
  • Stem cell potential describes a stem cell's ability to differentiate into various specialized cells
  • Stem cells differ from progenitor cells in their potency (ability to differentiate), progenitor cells have a more limited ability to differentiate
  • Types of stem cells used for regenerative medicine include adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
  • Adult stem cells replace dead cells and regenerate damaged tissues, generating cell types of the organ they originate from, they are usually present in low numbers and often quiescent
  • Adult stem cells are prevalent in regions like bone marrow, and skin
  • Embryonic stem cells are derived from a 5-day-old blastocyst's inner cell mass, capable of becoming any cell type in the body, and can be cultured in a lab, they proliferate without differentiating
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are created from adult cells, reverting them to a pluripotent state, they have the potential to differentiate into various cell types and are a promising alternative to embryonic stem cells, similar properties to embryonic stem cells
  • Stem cells are classified based on their potency (totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent), defining their ability to differentiate into different cell types
  • Progenitor cells are intermediate cell types, producing specialized cell types in a lineage-restricted way
  • The hematopoietic system is an example of lineage-restricted differentiation of progenitor cells
  • Cell therapy uses stem cells to treat diseases, this can be autologous, allogeneic, or xenogenic
  • Regenerative medicine replaces, engineers, and regenerates damaged human cells, tissues, or organs to restore their normal function
  • Tissue engineering incorporates cells, scaffolds (biomaterials), and biological factors to improve or replace tissues/organs
  • Biomaterials as scaffolds are used to create tissue structure, combining human cells, matrix proteins, and growth factors
  • 3D bioprinting is a modern technique for tissue engineering, with the help of this, scaffold tissues are built without damaging the cells
  • Three main types of stem cells are embryonic, induced pluripotent and adult stem cells

Learning Objectives

  • Understand what a stem cell is and why stem cells are needed
  • Understand the differences between stem cells and progenitor cells
  • Classify various stem cell types and their applications in regenerative medicine (Adult stem cells, Embryonic stem cells, Induced pluripotent stem cells, Progenitor cells).
  • Understand tissue engineering in the context of regenerative medicine
  • Understand the differences in differentiation potential (Potency) and how it relates to stem cells
  • How Stem cells and progenitor cells work together

Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

  • Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of a 5-day-old blastocyst
  • ES cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into all cell types in the body
  • Embryonic stem cells are immortal, meaning they can proliferate indefinitely in culture without differentiating
  • ES cells are a source for studying human development, diseases, and drug testing
  • ES cells are a potential source of tissue regeneration (allogeneic)
  • Ethical concerns exist regarding the source of ES cells (destruction of the embryo).

Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells

  • iPS cells are created from adult cells reprogrammed into a pluripotent state
  • iPS cells are similar to embryonic stem cells in terms of differentiation potential
  • iPS cells have the advantage of using the patient's own cells (autologous), avoiding ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cells
  • iPS cell creation has a comparatively lower efficiency rate
  • iPS cells offer potential for modeling diseases and testing therapeutic agents, but there can be problems with genomic integration

Adult Stem Cells: Function

  • Replace dead cells
  • Regenerate damaged tissues
  • Generate cell types of the organ from which they originate

Adult/Somatic stem cells

  • Present in low numbers
  • Often quiescent(pushed to cell cycle when needed).
  • Reside in specific niches within their organ.
  • In continually proliferating tissues, cells are amplified by progenitor cells.
  • Stem cell therapy is not yet a routine treatment in the NHS

Bone Marrow or Peripheral Stem Cell Harvest and Transfusion

  • Bone marrow or peripheral stem cells are harvested from the patient or donor
  • Stem cells are isolated and infused back into the patient.
  • This procedure is often used in chemotherapy and radiation therapy

Cell Therapy (Autologous, Allogeneic, Xenogenic)

  • Autologous: Patient's own stem cells are used
  • Allogeneic: Stem cells from a donor are used.
  • Xenogeneic: Stem cells from a different species are used

Differentiation Potential (Potency)

  • Totipotent: Can differentiate into embryonic and extra-embryonic cells
  • Pluripotent: Can differentiate into all cell types of the body.
  • Multipotent: Can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types.
  • Bi/Unipotent: Can differentiate into one/two different types of cell.

Tissue Engineering

  • Using cells, engineered technology, biomaterials, and biological factors to restore tissues or organs.
  • Biomaterials act as scaffolds for cell growth.
  • 3D bioprinting is an advanced technology to create tissues without damaging cells

Regenerative Medicine

  • Replacing, engineering, and regenerating human cells, tissues, or organs to function normally.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of stem cells, including their differentiation and types. This quiz covers key concepts such as totipotent, multipotent, and unipotent stem cells, along with their significance in the human body. Enhance your understanding of stem cells and their vital roles in development and tissue maintenance.

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