Stem Cell Biology Quiz
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the duration of gestation for a mouse?

  • 20 days (correct)
  • 30 days
  • 15 days
  • 25 days

Multipotent stem cells have greater differentiation capacity than pluripotent stem cells.

False (B)

What is the main difference between a fetus and an embryo?

The formation of organ systems, known as organogenesis.

Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into __________ types of cells.

<p>multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of stem cell with its characteristic:

<p>Pluripotent stem cells = Can differentiate into almost any cell type Multipotent stem cells = Can differentiate into a limited range of cell types Unipotent stem cells = Can only give rise to one cell type Somatic cells = All cells that are not germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the blood system?

<p>Hematopoietic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asymmetrical cell division results in two differentiated cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cells that originate from germ cells in males and females?

<p>Gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary origin of induced pluripotent stem cells?

<p>Adult cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic stem cells can only be obtained from the blastocyst.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells is most characterized by a significant diversity in circulation?

<p>Leucocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary interest in the study of organoids derived from neural cells?

<p>Understanding how neurons mature and grow in vivo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, including those of the placental lineage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who described the concept of stem cells as the 'stem father and mother' of all cell generations?

<p>Haeckel</p> Signup and view all the answers

2D cultures can replicate the complex networks of 3D cultures effectively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the other cellular types that are not of primary interest in a study called?

<p>parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

One possible cause for the failure of neural organoids to mimic in vivo properties is the lack of _____ from sensory inputs.

<p>stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following techniques with their appropriate descriptions:

<p>MRI = Imaging method for assessing internal structures Immunostaining = Technique using antibodies for detection Electrophysiology = Study of electrical properties of cells Single cell RNA sequencing = Analyzing gene expression at single cell resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques can be used on living individuals?

<p>MRI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organoids can replicate the properties of neurons in vivo without external stimulation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of developing organoid models in neuroscience research?

<p>To better understand brain development and neuron maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for replacing damaged tissue in the heart?

<p>Fibrous tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans can regenerate whole limbs like newts due to their advanced immune system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does inflammation play in wound healing and scar formation?

<p>Inflammation can promote functional restoration or rapid healing but may impair normal tissue function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The protein involved in limb formation in newts is believed to be activated by a ________ cascade.

<p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following proteins with their functions:

<p>BMP = Bone morphogenic protein FGF = Fibroblast growth factor TGF-β = Tumor growth factor SH = Sonic hedgehog NOTCH = Signaling for symmetrical vs. asymmetrical division</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the immune system has been noted in relation to tissue regeneration?

<p>There is an inverse relationship between its competence and regeneration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryonic and postnatal development do not involve the immune system in regulating tissue formation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is typically formed following an injury to the heart?

<p>Scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the differences in blastomeres during cell division?

<p>The plane of division during mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blastomeres develop into distinct cell fates from the moment of fertilization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are formed in the early stages of development that can give rise to all cells in a full-grown organism?

<p>totipotent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperplasia occurs in cardiomyocytes when a cell grows in size due to the production of more __________.

<p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for human cells to develop from fertilization to implantation?

<p>1 week (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mice have a shorter gestation period compared to humans.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its definition:

<p>Totipotent cells = Can develop into all cell types Hyperplasia = Increase in cell size without division Cadherins = Proteins that anchor cells together Gap junctions = Points of cell communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

An egg is about __________μm in diameter, much larger than the average cell size of about 10μm.

<p>60~100</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the HIPPO pathway?

<p>Mechanical transduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner cell mass becomes the trophoblast in the blastocyst stage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of cells formed from the inner cell mass?

<p>Epiblast and hypoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the stage of embryonic development that follows the morula.

<p>blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their descriptions:

<p>Trophoblast = Outer layer of the blastocyst Inner cell mass = Source of epiblast and hypoblast YAP = Effector molecule in the HIPPO pathway Diapause = Pause in embryo development due to unfavorable conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to YAP upon activation of the HIPPO pathway?

<p>It translocates to the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The blastocyst contains a cavity filled with fluid that facilitates cell division.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage?

<p>It gives rise to pluripotent cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pluripotent Stem Cell

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type in the body, except for extra-embryonic tissues like the placenta.

Embryonic Stem Cell

Pluripotent stem cells derived from an early stage embryo.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell

Pluripotent stem cells created by reprogramming a specialized adult cell back to its pluripotent state.

Tissue

A group of similar cells organized to perform a specific function or set of functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stem Cell

A specialized cell that can divide and differentiate into other cell types within its tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Differentiation

The process of cells developing into more specialized cell types with specific functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tissue Renewal/Turnover

The process of replacing old or damaged cells with new ones, maintaining tissue integrity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tissue Regeneration

The ability of a tissue to regenerate itself, replacing lost or damaged cells. It's not proven that all tissues possess this ability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parenchyma

The primary cells of interest in a tissue, like cardiomyocytes in the heart or neurons in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stroma

Supporting cells in a tissue, like fibroblasts or mesenchymal cells in the liver. They provide structure and support to the parenchyma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

In Vivo

The study of a tissue in its natural, living environment, within the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

In Vitro

The study of a tissue outside of its natural environment, in a laboratory setting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Organoids

Organ-like structures grown in a lab dish, mimicking key features of a real organ.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Problem

The issue or question that researchers aim to address in their study.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Strategy

A plan or approach chosen to solve a problem in research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Read Out

The methods used to measure and assess the results of a study, answering the initial problem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scarring

A type of tissue repair where lost tissue is replaced with scar tissue, which is less functional than the original tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Regeneration

The process by which an organism replaces lost or damaged tissue with new tissue that is similar to the original tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inflammation

A biological process that involves a series of events that occur in response to injury or infection, ultimately leading to healing and tissue repair.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protein Cascade

A complex network of proteins that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and development, playing a crucial role in tissue regeneration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

BMP (Bone Morphogenic Protein)

A family of proteins involved in bone formation and other developmental processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)

A family of proteins that promote cell growth and division, playing a role in tissue regeneration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta)

A family of proteins that regulate various cellular processes, including cell differentiation and tissue repair.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NOTCH Signaling

A signaling pathway involved in cell fate decisions during development, influencing the outcome of cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mouse Gestation Period

Duration from mating to birth in mice, typically 20 days (day 0,5 being the first day after mating)

Signup and view all the flashcards

Organogenesis

A stage in embryonic development where organs start to form, usually occurring after day 6,5 in mice.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multipotent Stem Cells

Stem cells that can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types within a specific tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unipotent Stem Cells

Stem cells that can only differentiate into a single cell type or a very specific set of closely related cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soma / Somatic Cells

All cells in the body that are not germ cells. They make up the tissues and organs, excluding the reproductive cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Germ Cells

The reproductive cells, responsible for generating offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asymmetrical Cell Division

A process where a stem cell divides to produce one identical copy of itself (self-renewal) and another more specialized cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Totipotent Cells

Cells that are capable of dividing and giving rise to all cell types in a fully developed organism, including extraembryonic tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Fate

The process of cells becoming specialized and acquiring specific functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plane of Division

The orientation of the mitotic spindle during cell division, which determines the plane of cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blastomeres

Cells that are directly derived from the division of a fertilized egg and have the potential to develop into any cell type in the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asynchronous Cell Division

A type of cell division in which cells are not dependent on each other for division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blastomere Compaction

The process of cells tightly adhering to each other, forming junctions and creating a compact structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperplasia

The increase in cell size due to the production of more proteins, often seen in tissues like the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Proximity and Communication

The process of cells establishing connections and communicating with each other, giving rise to distinct layers and structures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass Differentiation

The first key event in early embryo development: cells at the center of the blastocyst have a distinct gene expression compared to the outer cells. Think of a basketball with a core different from its outer shell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inner Cell Mass Specialization

The second key event in early embryo development: within the inner cell mass, cells further specialize, forming the hypoblast (lining the cavity) and the epiblast (maintaining pluripotency). Like the first event, but with more specificity, the epiblast is like the core of the core.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIPPO Pathway

The HIPPO pathway is a signaling pathway that responds to mechanical forces. It plays a key role in regulating cell fate during early development. This process is responsible for cell fate and how cells respond to their environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

YAP's Role in HIPPO Pathway

YAP is a protein that's a crucial part of the HIPPO pathway. When the HIPPO pathway is activated, YAP moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, triggering gene expression. YAP is like an employee of the HIPPO pathway, being sent around to different departments to cause changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diapause

A state of paused development in an embryo, typically in mice and other animals, where growth is halted until favorable conditions return. It's like pressing pause on the developmental video.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Embryo Implantation

The process where the cells of the embryo's outer layer invade the uterine wall, allowing for the embryo to implant and begin developing. This is similar to a plant sending down roots to secure itself in the ground.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blastocyst Cavity

The fluid-filled cavity that forms within the blastocyst, which plays a key role in pushing the inner cell mass towards one side. Think of a balloon filling with air, causing the inner mass to move.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trophoblast

The outer layer of cells surrounding the blastocyst cavity. It's responsible for implantation and forming the placenta. It is like the outer shell of a hard-boiled egg, protecting the inner yolk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Contents Summary

  • The document contains notes on various topics related to cellular and stem cell engineering, including stem cell fundamentals, therapeutic applications, gene engineering, cell bioprocessing, neural stem cells, and more.

Part 1 - Stem Cell Fundamentals

  • Scientific articles often overemphasize new technologies, neglecting core scientific objectives.
  • Pluripotent stem cells can be either induced or embryonic.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells reprogram adult cells while embryonic stem cells originate from embryos.
  • Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type except extra-embryonic tissues (like placenta).
  • Tissues have cellular and extracellular matrix components.

Part 1 - Stem Cell Fundamentals (Continued)

  • Cell turnover rates vary by tissue, ranging from 4-5 days in the intestinal epithelium to 50 days for skin, and numerous days for blood cells.
  • Turnover of liver cells is slower but the liver has remarkable capacity to recover from damage.

Part 1 - Stem Cell Fundamentals (Continued)

  • Stem cells are self-replicating and non-differentiated cells, maintaining a high capacity for proliferation.
  • There are different types of stem cells based upon their differentiation potential ranging from totipotent to multipotent, and there are different functions fulfilled by each type.
  • The Hayflick limit describes the maximum number of divisions a cell can undergo before senescence.

Part 2 - Therapeutic Applications

  • HSCs are crucial for the blood system, in adults, mainly found in bone marrow.
  • In early development hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the yolk sac, later shifting to the fetal liver before finally settling in the bone marrow in adults.
  • HSCs can self-renew and differentiate into various blood cell types.

Part 2 - Therapeutic Applications (Continued)

  • Stem cells, notably HSCs and MSCs, are used in therapies targeted at diseases that affect blood, and are also researched for their potential in treating various diseases.
  • The criteria for identifying MSCs differs between in vitro and in vivo settings.
  • HSCs are often isolated from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood.
  • Stem cells can be isolated, expanded, and characterized or otherwise modified, and then used in animal or human trials to verify that they have the expected response and whether it is suitable to use them for any practical application.

Part 2 - Apoptotic MSCs for Immune Regulation

  • Apoptotic (programmed cell death) MSCs are useful in inhibiting T-cell proliferation.

Part 2 - Neural Stem Cells

  • Neural stem cells, located in the brain's subventricular zone, are multipotent and capable of differentiating into various neuronal types throughout development.
  • They have a radial glial cell morphology and migration paths that guide the progression of development, and are stimulated by stimuli like injury.

Gene Engineering

  • Genetic engineering is a technique of adding new genes to a cell.
  • There are stable (transduction) and transient (transfection) methods for introducing new genes.
  • Viruses are often used to introduce new genes into cells (transduction).
  • There are several delivery methods for gene delivery.

Cell Bioprocessing

  • Cell bioprocessing involves manipulating naturally occurring living organisms to achieve research or industrial goals.
  • There are different procedures for cell expansion (culture ex vivo) including chemical manipulation or mechanical/physical modification such as electroporation, centrifugation, etc.
  • Cell lines and substrates need to be selected based upon their potential and differentiation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Mestrado em Bioengenharia – Bioengenharia Molecular PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on stem cell biology concepts, including differentiation capacities, types of stem cells, and gestation periods. This quiz covers key characteristics of stem cells and their applications in medical science. Perfect for students studying biological sciences or related fields.

More Like This

Stem Cell Biology and Haemopoietic Differentiation Lecture Quiz
52 questions

Stem Cell Biology and Haemopoietic Differentiation Lecture Quiz

ComfortableLearning avatar
ComfortableLearning
Stem Cell Biology
14 questions

Stem Cell Biology

FortuitousAcademicArt avatar
FortuitousAcademicArt
Stem Cell Biology Quiz
10 questions

Stem Cell Biology Quiz

UnfetteredAgate9753 avatar
UnfetteredAgate9753
Stem Cell Biology Basics
33 questions

Stem Cell Biology Basics

MeaningfulRainforest avatar
MeaningfulRainforest
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser