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What is the duration of gestation for a mouse?
What is the duration of gestation for a mouse?
Multipotent stem cells have greater differentiation capacity than pluripotent stem cells.
Multipotent stem cells have greater differentiation capacity than pluripotent stem cells.
False
What is the main difference between a fetus and an embryo?
What is the main difference between a fetus and an embryo?
The formation of organ systems, known as organogenesis.
Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into __________ types of cells.
Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into __________ types of cells.
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Match the type of stem cell with its characteristic:
Match the type of stem cell with its characteristic:
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What term describes the blood system?
What term describes the blood system?
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Asymmetrical cell division results in two differentiated cells.
Asymmetrical cell division results in two differentiated cells.
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What is the term for the cells that originate from germ cells in males and females?
What is the term for the cells that originate from germ cells in males and females?
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What is the primary origin of induced pluripotent stem cells?
What is the primary origin of induced pluripotent stem cells?
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Embryonic stem cells can only be obtained from the blastocyst.
Embryonic stem cells can only be obtained from the blastocyst.
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Which type of cells is most characterized by a significant diversity in circulation?
Which type of cells is most characterized by a significant diversity in circulation?
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What is the primary interest in the study of organoids derived from neural cells?
What is the primary interest in the study of organoids derived from neural cells?
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Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, including those of the placental lineage.
Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, including those of the placental lineage.
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Who described the concept of stem cells as the 'stem father and mother' of all cell generations?
Who described the concept of stem cells as the 'stem father and mother' of all cell generations?
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2D cultures can replicate the complex networks of 3D cultures effectively.
2D cultures can replicate the complex networks of 3D cultures effectively.
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What are the other cellular types that are not of primary interest in a study called?
What are the other cellular types that are not of primary interest in a study called?
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One possible cause for the failure of neural organoids to mimic in vivo properties is the lack of _____ from sensory inputs.
One possible cause for the failure of neural organoids to mimic in vivo properties is the lack of _____ from sensory inputs.
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Match the following techniques with their appropriate descriptions:
Match the following techniques with their appropriate descriptions:
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Which of the following techniques can be used on living individuals?
Which of the following techniques can be used on living individuals?
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Organoids can replicate the properties of neurons in vivo without external stimulation.
Organoids can replicate the properties of neurons in vivo without external stimulation.
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What is the main goal of developing organoid models in neuroscience research?
What is the main goal of developing organoid models in neuroscience research?
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What is primarily responsible for replacing damaged tissue in the heart?
What is primarily responsible for replacing damaged tissue in the heart?
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Humans can regenerate whole limbs like newts due to their advanced immune system.
Humans can regenerate whole limbs like newts due to their advanced immune system.
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What role does inflammation play in wound healing and scar formation?
What role does inflammation play in wound healing and scar formation?
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The protein involved in limb formation in newts is believed to be activated by a ________ cascade.
The protein involved in limb formation in newts is believed to be activated by a ________ cascade.
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Match the following proteins with their functions:
Match the following proteins with their functions:
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What aspect of the immune system has been noted in relation to tissue regeneration?
What aspect of the immune system has been noted in relation to tissue regeneration?
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Embryonic and postnatal development do not involve the immune system in regulating tissue formation.
Embryonic and postnatal development do not involve the immune system in regulating tissue formation.
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Which structure is typically formed following an injury to the heart?
Which structure is typically formed following an injury to the heart?
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What determines the differences in blastomeres during cell division?
What determines the differences in blastomeres during cell division?
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Blastomeres develop into distinct cell fates from the moment of fertilization.
Blastomeres develop into distinct cell fates from the moment of fertilization.
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What type of cells are formed in the early stages of development that can give rise to all cells in a full-grown organism?
What type of cells are formed in the early stages of development that can give rise to all cells in a full-grown organism?
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Hyperplasia occurs in cardiomyocytes when a cell grows in size due to the production of more __________.
Hyperplasia occurs in cardiomyocytes when a cell grows in size due to the production of more __________.
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How long does it take for human cells to develop from fertilization to implantation?
How long does it take for human cells to develop from fertilization to implantation?
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Mice have a shorter gestation period compared to humans.
Mice have a shorter gestation period compared to humans.
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Match the term with its definition:
Match the term with its definition:
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An egg is about __________μm in diameter, much larger than the average cell size of about 10μm.
An egg is about __________μm in diameter, much larger than the average cell size of about 10μm.
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What is the primary function of the HIPPO pathway?
What is the primary function of the HIPPO pathway?
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The inner cell mass becomes the trophoblast in the blastocyst stage.
The inner cell mass becomes the trophoblast in the blastocyst stage.
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What are the two main types of cells formed from the inner cell mass?
What are the two main types of cells formed from the inner cell mass?
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The __________ is the stage of embryonic development that follows the morula.
The __________ is the stage of embryonic development that follows the morula.
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Match the following components with their descriptions:
Match the following components with their descriptions:
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What happens to YAP upon activation of the HIPPO pathway?
What happens to YAP upon activation of the HIPPO pathway?
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The blastocyst contains a cavity filled with fluid that facilitates cell division.
The blastocyst contains a cavity filled with fluid that facilitates cell division.
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What is the role of the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage?
What is the role of the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage?
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Study Notes
Contents Summary
- The document contains notes on various topics related to cellular and stem cell engineering, including stem cell fundamentals, therapeutic applications, gene engineering, cell bioprocessing, neural stem cells, and more.
Part 1 - Stem Cell Fundamentals
- Scientific articles often overemphasize new technologies, neglecting core scientific objectives.
- Pluripotent stem cells can be either induced or embryonic.
- Induced pluripotent stem cells reprogram adult cells while embryonic stem cells originate from embryos.
- Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type except extra-embryonic tissues (like placenta).
- Tissues have cellular and extracellular matrix components.
Part 1 - Stem Cell Fundamentals (Continued)
- Cell turnover rates vary by tissue, ranging from 4-5 days in the intestinal epithelium to 50 days for skin, and numerous days for blood cells.
- Turnover of liver cells is slower but the liver has remarkable capacity to recover from damage.
Part 1 - Stem Cell Fundamentals (Continued)
- Stem cells are self-replicating and non-differentiated cells, maintaining a high capacity for proliferation.
- There are different types of stem cells based upon their differentiation potential ranging from totipotent to multipotent, and there are different functions fulfilled by each type.
- The Hayflick limit describes the maximum number of divisions a cell can undergo before senescence.
Part 2 - Therapeutic Applications
- HSCs are crucial for the blood system, in adults, mainly found in bone marrow.
- In early development hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the yolk sac, later shifting to the fetal liver before finally settling in the bone marrow in adults.
- HSCs can self-renew and differentiate into various blood cell types.
Part 2 - Therapeutic Applications (Continued)
- Stem cells, notably HSCs and MSCs, are used in therapies targeted at diseases that affect blood, and are also researched for their potential in treating various diseases.
- The criteria for identifying MSCs differs between in vitro and in vivo settings.
- HSCs are often isolated from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood.
- Stem cells can be isolated, expanded, and characterized or otherwise modified, and then used in animal or human trials to verify that they have the expected response and whether it is suitable to use them for any practical application.
Part 2 - Apoptotic MSCs for Immune Regulation
- Apoptotic (programmed cell death) MSCs are useful in inhibiting T-cell proliferation.
Part 2 - Neural Stem Cells
- Neural stem cells, located in the brain's subventricular zone, are multipotent and capable of differentiating into various neuronal types throughout development.
- They have a radial glial cell morphology and migration paths that guide the progression of development, and are stimulated by stimuli like injury.
Gene Engineering
- Genetic engineering is a technique of adding new genes to a cell.
- There are stable (transduction) and transient (transfection) methods for introducing new genes.
- Viruses are often used to introduce new genes into cells (transduction).
- There are several delivery methods for gene delivery.
Cell Bioprocessing
- Cell bioprocessing involves manipulating naturally occurring living organisms to achieve research or industrial goals.
- There are different procedures for cell expansion (culture ex vivo) including chemical manipulation or mechanical/physical modification such as electroporation, centrifugation, etc.
- Cell lines and substrates need to be selected based upon their potential and differentiation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on stem cell biology concepts, including differentiation capacities, types of stem cells, and gestation periods. This quiz covers key characteristics of stem cells and their applications in medical science. Perfect for students studying biological sciences or related fields.
