Stem Cell Biology Overview
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What is a consequence of a chromosomal nondisjunction event during gametogenesis?

  • It results in the normal number of chromosomes.
  • It occurs only in somatic cells.
  • It can lead to the presence of an extra chromosome. (correct)
  • It prevents the formation of fertilized eggs.

    • Which trisomy is characterized by three copies of chromosome 18?

  • Down Syndrome
  • Patau Syndrome
  • Turner Syndrome
  • Edwards Syndrome (correct)

    • What percentage of known pregnancies are estimated to end in miscarriage?

  • 30 to 40 percent
  • 10 to 20 percent (correct)
  • 70 to 80 percent
  • 50 to 60 percent

    • What is the primary risk factor for trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 during reproduction?

    <p>Advanced maternal age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical fate of babies born with trisomy 13?

    <p>Most do not survive beyond their teens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fertilized eggs are estimated to be lost before or during implantation?

    <p>30 to 50 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about embryonic stem cells is accurate?

    <p>They are derived from nonviable embryos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the recent ruling by Alabama's supreme court assert about embryos?

    <p>They are classified as 'extrauterine children'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate likelihood of long-term disease-free survival for patients with acute myeloid leukemia who receive BMT in first remission?

    <p>50 to 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Encaptra System?

    <p>To protect PEC-01 cells from the host immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT typically treated with BMSC transplantation?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of relapse after a BMT for a patient with acute leukemia who is in first remission?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is the Encaptra System membrane made of?

    <p>Expanded PTFE composite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For successful BMT, the donor and recipient must have nearly identical variants of which complex?

    <p>Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does fibrosis pose to the Encaptra System?

    <p>It limits diffusion of insulin and other hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many known alleles of HLA-D are there?

    <p>563</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the membrane of the Encaptra System function?

    <p>It selectively allows oxygen and nutrients in while letting insulin out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated occurrence rate of finding a matching donor for BMT?

    <p>1 in 100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the collaboration with Gore concerning the Encaptra System?

    <p>To engineer materials that promote vascularization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when enough collagenous material surrounds the Encaptra System?

    <p>It greatly limits diffusion of substances in and out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key limiting factor in the use of BMT?

    <p>Lack of donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could the stem cell transformation technique from the Stice lab potentially benefit?

    <p>Neural injuries from trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of long-term survival is achievable for chronic myelocytic leukemia patients who receive BMT during the remission phase?

    <p>60 to 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fibrosis primarily characterized by?

    <p>Excess fibrous connective tissue formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does phosphorylation play in glucose uptake by beta cells?

    <p>It prevents glucose from diffusing back across the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Km value for GLUT2 in glucose transport?

    <p>It signifies rapid glucose transport above a specific blood concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the opening of voltage-gated calcium ion channels in beta cells?

    <p>An increase in blood glucose concentration past a specific threshold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at lower blood sugar levels in the alpha cell?

    <p>Glycolysis initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using ESC-derived treatment in diabetes?

    <p>They can respond to changes in blood sugar levels effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the threshold of 5.5 nmol/l of glucose is exceeded?

    <p>Insulin loaded vesicles are triggered to release insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes GLUT2's function?

    <p>It facilitates rapid glucose transport under specific conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of tissue uptake of glucose?

    <p>It can occur through facilitated diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components comprise the glucose sensor of the alpha cell?

    <p>GLUT1 and glucokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Km value for glucokinase in alpha cells?

    <p>5.5 mM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stem-cell-derived beta cells (SC-β) aid in diabetes treatment?

    <p>They flux calcium ions in reaction to glucose and secrete insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic condition is linked to alterations in the GLUT1 transporter?

    <p>GLUT1 deficiency syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of carbon and energy for the brain?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of common GLUT1 deficiency syndrome?

    <p>Frequent seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be the first sign of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome in newborns?

    <p>Involuntary eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from GLUT1 deficiency syndrome?

    <p>Microcephaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes type 1 diabetes?

    <p>The pancreas produces little or no insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are commonly associated with high blood sugar levels?

    <p>Increased thirst and hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can type 2 diabetes lead to over time?

    <p>Serious damage to various organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common neurological problem associated with diabetes?

    <p>Spasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the body lack in type 1 diabetes that prevents sugar absorption?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Aging population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that leads to confusion or lethargy in some diabetes patients?

    <p>Low sugar levels during fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is type 2 diabetes often categorized?

    <p>Non-insulin-dependent diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cells can develop into a complete organism?

    <p>Totipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pluripotent stem cells can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes stem cells that have yet to specialize and have no specific function?

    <p>unspecialized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ stem cells are derived from fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells.

    <p>Multipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of stem cells with their descriptions:

    <p>Totipotent = Can develop into a new individual Pluripotent = Can form any cell type in the body Multipotent = Limited to differentiating into a few related cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the sources of embryonic stem cells?

    <p>Inner cell mass of the blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from adult stem cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells can be classified based on their ability to ________.

    <p>differentiate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are formed from the inner cell mass of an embryo?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-viable embryos are typically used to create embryonic stem cell cultures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of coaxing embryonic stem cells?

    <p>To form differentiated cell types for potential medical uses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Embryonic cell lines are cultured under ______ conditions to promote differentiation.

    <p>special</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of embryos with their description:

    <p>Single-celled embryo = B Embryo with a central cavity = G Embryo showing degeneration = A Embryo with multiple small blastomeres = E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to unused embryos created during IVF?

    <p>They are either destroyed or donated for medical use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most human embryos produced naturally are viable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chromosomal abnormality is indicated by blue dots in the cell samples?

    <p>Trisomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a chromosomal nondisjunction event?

    <p>It results in a gamete with an extra chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome) is a condition where most babies die before they are born.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of pregnancies are estimated to reach full term?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chromosomal trisomy involves having three copies of a __________ instead of the normal two.

    <p>chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following trisomy conditions with their outcomes:

    <p>Trisomy 13 = Rarely lives into their teens Trisomy 18 = Majority die within 5 to 15 days Down Syndrome = Can live into adulthood Trisomy 21 = Most common form of trisomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the loss of fertilized eggs before implantation?

    <p>Chromosomal abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single cell can be removed from a 2-3 day old embryo without affecting its viability.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal classification of embryos as ruled by Alabama's supreme court?

    <p>Extrauterine children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can be treated with BMSC transplantation?

    <p>Acute myeloid leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with sickle cell disease are not candidates for BMT.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate likelihood of long-term disease-free survival for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who receive BMT in first remission?

    <p>approximately 50 to 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To minimize rejection, the donor and recipient should share nearly identical gene variants for the __________ complex.

    <p>Human Leukocyte Antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of relapse for patients with acute leukemia who are in first remission at the time of transplant?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pediatric BMT has grown in popularity due to its potential for curing genetic diseases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their treatment method:

    <p>Sickle Cell Disease = BMSC transplantation Chronic myelocytic leukemia = BMT Thalassemia = Bone marrow transplant Aplastic anemia = Stem cell therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of finding a matching donor for BMT?

    <p>1 in 100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of finding a match for ethnic minorities in the NMDP registry?

    <p>30-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caucasians currently have an 80% chance of finding a match in the donor registry.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium ions in insulin release?

    <p>Calcium ions trigger the fusion of insulin vesicles with the plasma membrane for release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The odds of finding a random HLA match are approximately 1 in __________.

    <p>100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is critical for the treatment of diabetes by being released into the blood?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Hematopoietic stem cells = Develop into blood cells Inducible calcium ion channel = Triggers calcium influx Insulin granules = Vesicles that contain insulin Mechanosensitive ion channels = Activated by mechanical stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of registered donors are South Asians?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mechanical stimuli can activate calcium influx through ion channels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Encaptra System?

    <p>To protect PEC-01 cells from the host immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Encaptra System uses a solid barrier that prevents the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material used in the construction of the Encaptra System's membrane?

    <p>Expanded PTFE composite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrosis is the formation of excess _____ connective tissue in an organ or tissue.

    <p>fibrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the Encaptra System with their functions:

    <p>PEC-01 cells = Insulin production Semi-permeable membrane = Allows diffusion of nutrients Scar tissue = Limits diffusion Vascular network = Facilitates blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does fibrosis pose for the Encaptra System?

    <p>It limits the diffusion of signals and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collaboration with Gore aims to facilitate the vascularization of the Encaptra System.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical enabling component for the Encaptra System?

    <p>Semi-permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Embryonic Stem Cells

    • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are harvested from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, a stage of early embryo development.
    • ESCs are pluripotent, meaning they can develop into any cell type in the body.
    • ESCs are harvested from embryos created for in vitro fertilization (IVF).

    Adult Stem Cells

    • Adult stem cells are found in various adult tissues.
    • Adult stem cells are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate into a limited range of cell types.
    • Sources of adult stem cells include bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and placenta.

    Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

    • iPSCs are derived from adult cells, usually skin cells.
    • Scientists reprogram adult cells to mimic the properties of embryonic stem cells.
    • Reprogramming typically uses a combination of transcription factors.

    Stem Cell Types

    • Totipotent: Each cell can develop into a new individual. Example: cells from early embryos (1-3 days).
    • Pluripotent: Capable of differentiating into any cell type (over 200 cell types). Example: Some cells of blastocyst (5 to 14 days).
    • Multipotent: Capable of differentiating into a limited number of cell types. Example: Fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells

    Stem Cell Applications

    • Stem cells can be used to study development and disease.
    • Stem cells can potentially replace damaged or diseased cells in the body.
    • Stem cells may be used in regenerative medicine.

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    This quiz explores the types of stem cells, including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Understand their origins, characteristics, and potential applications in medicine. Test your knowledge on their differences and functions.

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