4BE3 U6 C3 Obj 1 EMH

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Questions and Answers

EASY What is the main advantage of reusing condensate in a steam system?

Reducing the amount of make-up water required (correct)

Increasing the heat input required

Reducing the purity of the condensate

Increasing the amount of chemical input required

What is the primary source of impurities in condensate?

Hydraulic oils and lubricants (correct)

Hardness leakage from malfunctioning water softeners

Air intrusions from condensate return tanks

Distilled water

Why is it necessary to treat condensate?

To reduce the amount of chemical input required

To increase the amount of make-up water required

To prevent impurities from plugging or corroding the condensate return and feedwater systems (correct)

To increase the heat input required

What is the primary concern of carbon dioxide in boilers and steam systems?

It can form carbonic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why strict environmental licenses may prohibit systems that use a significant percentage of make-up water?

To minimize the environmental impact Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of impurities in condensate on boilers?

They can scale up or corrode the boilers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of oxygen in boilers and steam systems?

Air intrusions from condensate return tanks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of treating condensate?

Preventing impurities from plugging or corroding the condensate return and feedwater systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of a carbonic acid solution at atmospheric pressure?

5.8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of localized grooving in condensate return systems?

Carbonic acid Signup and view all the answers

How can oxygen enter the condensate return system?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hardness on boilers?

Decreases the rate of heat transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of dealkalization equipment in the external treatment systems?

To reduce the hardness of the feedwater Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of carbon dioxide corrosion and oxygen corrosion occurring together in a system?

The total combined corrosion rate is significantly higher Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of filming amines in condensate return systems?

To create a protective film on metal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of improperly functioning deaerators in the feedwater system?

More oxygen in the feedwater Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ensuring that turbine glands are fed with gland steam or water?

To prevent air from entering the condensate system Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of sending condensate with high corrosion by-products to drain?

Reduced corrosion in the system Signup and view all the answers

What type of layer does filming amine form on metal surfaces?

Thin, sticky, oily type Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of filming amines in a boiler system?

To protect metal surfaces from corrosion Signup and view all the answers

What does a sodium zeolite softener reduce to zero?

Hardness Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to introduce filming amines gradually into a system?

To prevent rapid deposition of particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of installing a dealkalizer or demineralizer system?

To reduce the cost and complexity of condensate corrosion control Signup and view all the answers

What is the reaction between neutralizing amines and carbonic acid?

R-NH2 + H2CO3 → R-NH3 + HCO3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of condensate polishers?

To purify condensate Signup and view all the answers

What type of contaminants can foul ion-exchange beads in condensate polishers?

Oil and other process fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal pH range for condensate maintained by neutralizing amines?

Between 8.8 and 9.2 Signup and view all the answers

Why is regular backwashing and regeneration necessary for condensate polishers?

Because their ion exchange and filtration abilities become exhausted Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a P-alkalinity check?

To confirm the condensate pH is greater than 8.3 Signup and view all the answers

Why should ammonia not be used as a neutralizing amine in some systems?

Because it attacks copper, zinc, or nickel components Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pre-filters in condensate systems?

To remove oil and other process fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of filming amines?

To create protective films on metal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Why are condensate polishers essential for high-pressure boilers?

Because feedwater purity is critical Signup and view all the answers

How should filming amines be fed into the system?

Directly to the steam lines Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of overfeeding neutralizing amines?

It increases the system's corrosiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of metering pumps in neutralizing amine systems?

To inject amine directly into the steam lines Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a dealkalizer or demineralizer system in a steam system?

To reduce alkalinity in the make-up water Signup and view all the answers

What is the reaction between neutralizing amines and carbonic acid?

R-NH2 + H2CO3 → R-NH3 + HCO3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal pH range maintained by neutralizing amines in the condensate?

8.8 to 9.2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of filming amines in a boiler system?

To create a protective film on metal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Why should ammonia not be used as a neutralizing amine in some systems?

Because it can aggressively attack copper, zinc, or nickel components Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of overfeeding neutralizing amines?

It increases corrosion rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of P-alkalinity checks in a condensate return system?

To measure the alkalinity of the condensate Signup and view all the answers

MEDIUM Why are metering pumps used in neutralizing amine systems?

To reduce chemical waste through blowdown or blowoff Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of filming amines in condensate return systems?

To create a protective film on metal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of neutralizing amines on carbon dioxide corrosion rates?

They reduce corrosion rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of carbon dioxide entering the condensate system?

Localized grooving of metal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of reusing condensate in a steam system?

Reducing the overall cost of plant operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of oxygen in condensate return systems?

Contact with air Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of impurities in condensate?

Pure water from the source supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hardness on boilers?

Increased risk of boiler pressure component failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with carbon dioxide in boilers and steam systems?

It reacts with condensate to form carbonic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mechanical inspection and maintenance in combating condensate corrosion?

To minimize the amount of make-up feedwater required Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of combining carbon dioxide corrosion and oxygen corrosion in a system?

A significant increase in corrosion rate Signup and view all the answers

Why is treating condensate necessary?

To prevent impurities from plugging or corroding the system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of oxygen in boilers and steam systems?

It corrodes the condensate return system Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of filming amines in condensate systems?

To form a protective layer on metal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to ensure that turbine glands are fed with gland steam or water?

To prevent air from infiltrating the condensate system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of carbon dioxide in boilers and steam systems?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of improperly functioning deaerators on the feedwater system?

Increased oxygen levels in the condensate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with hardness in boilers and steam systems?

It causes scaling in boilers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of treating condensate for carbon dioxide?

Preventing corrosion and scaling in boilers and steam systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of preventing condensate line corrosion?

Mechanical inspection and maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of sending condensate with high corrosion by-products to drain?

Prevention of corrosion by-products from entering the system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of filming amines in condensate return systems?

To form a protective layer on metal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of introducing filming amines gradually into a system?

To prevent rapid deposition of impurities Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of condensate polishers?

To purify the condensate Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of not backwashing and regenerating condensate polishers regularly?

The polishers will become exhausted Signup and view all the answers

What type of contaminants can foul ion-exchange beads in condensate polishers?

Oil or other process fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pre-filters in condensate systems?

To remove oil or other process fluids Signup and view all the answers

Why are condensate polishers essential for high-pressure boilers?

Because feedwater purity is critical Signup and view all the answers

What happens when filming amines are introduced into the system?

They form a protective layer on metal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the increased corrosion rate when both carbon dioxide and oxygen are present in a condensate return system?

The synergistic effect of the two corrosive species. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which air enters the condensate return system through heat exchangers?

Through vacuum breakers during the off-cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hardness on boilers?

Reduced heat transfer efficiency and potential pressure component failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of ensuring that turbine glands are fed with gland steam or water?

To prevent air from infiltrating the condensate system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of minimizing the amount of make-up feedwater required in a steam system?

Reduced flow of impurities into the system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of improperly functioning deaerators in the feedwater system?

Failure to remove dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of neutralizing amines in condensate return systems?

To react with and neutralize carbonic acid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of sending condensate with high corrosion by-products to drain?

Prevention of corrosion in the condensate return system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which carbon dioxide enters the condensate return system?

Through contact with air in open systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using filming amines in condensate return systems?

Formation of a protective layer on metal surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why condensate must be treated?

To prevent plugging or corroding the condensate return and feedwater systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of carbon dioxide in boilers and steam systems?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of carbon dioxide on condensate?

It forms carbonic acid, which reacts with the condensate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of not reusing condensate in a steam system?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why air intrusions can enter condensate return tanks?

Because of hydraulic oils and lubricants from mechanical equipment Signup and view all the answers

HARD What is the primary effect of impurities on boilers?

They can scale up or corrode the boilers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of treating condensate?

Reducing the overall cost of plant operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why strict environmental licenses may prohibit systems that use a significant percentage of make-up water?

Because of the increased environmental impact Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which filming amines protect metal surfaces from corrosion?

By adsorbing onto metal surfaces and forming a thin, sticky layer that prevents corrosion Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to use blends of filming and neutralizing amines in some systems?

To provide a broader range of corrosion protection mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of condensate polishers in high-pressure boilers?

To remove particulate and suspended matter from the condensate Signup and view all the answers

Why are pre-filters used in some condensate systems?

To remove oil and other process fluids from the condensate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using filming amines in condensate systems?

They form a thin, sticky layer that protects metal surfaces from corrosion Signup and view all the answers

Why is regular backwashing and regeneration necessary for condensate polishers?

To prevent fouling of the ion-exchange resin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of introducing filming amines too rapidly into a system?

The rapid deposition of impurities will occur, leading to fouling of the system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using condensate polishers in high-pressure boilers?

They are essential for maintaining the purity of the feedwater Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of dealkalization equipment in a steam system?

To reduce the alkalinity of the make-up water Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of neutralizing amines on the corrosion rates of a steam system?

They have no effect on the corrosion rates due to dissolved oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to test and monitor boiler alkalinity?

To maintain the mass of CO2 in the steam within control limits Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using filming amines in a steam system?

They create a protective film on metal surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal pH range for condensate maintained by neutralizing amines?

Between 8.8 and 9.2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of overfeeding neutralizing amines in a steam system?

The system becomes more corrosive due to excessively high pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of metering pumps in neutralizing amine systems?

To reduce the amount of chemical wasted through continuous blowdown Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using sodium zeolite softeners in a steam system?

They reduce the hardness of the make-up water to zero Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a P-alkalinity check in a condensate return system?

To ensure that the condensate pH is above 8.3 Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to introduce filming amines gradually into a steam system?

To prevent the system from becoming too corrosive Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Steam Systems and Condensate

A steam system that does not reuse condensate relies on 100% make-up water, which requires more external feedwater treatment, chemical input, heat input, and water input, resulting in greater associated costs and environmental impact.

Treating Condensate

Condensate should be pure, but it can be contaminated with impurities from various sources, including mechanical equipment, malfunctioning water softeners, air intrusions, and process fluids.

Reasons for Treating Condensate

Impurities in condensate can plug or corrode the condensate return and feedwater systems.
Impurities can scale up or corrode boilers.

Impurities in Condensate

Carbon dioxide (CO2): enters boilers and steam systems through various sources, including alkalinity species in raw water, poorly functioning deaerators, and sodium carbonate introduction.
Oxygen (O2): enters boilers and steam systems through air intrusions, improperly functioning deaerators, and leaks in heat exchangers.
Hardness: enters condensate systems through leaking potable water heat exchangers, steam turbine condensers, and open cross-connections with potable water systems.
Corrosion products: enter condensate systems through corrosion of condensate handling system components.

Corrosion in Condensate Systems

Carbon dioxide corrosion: causes a general thinning of metal parts in the condensate return system and localized grooving.
Oxygen corrosion: causes pitting of metal surfaces.

Preventing Condensate Line Corrosion

Mechanical inspection and maintenance: minimizes the amount of make-up feedwater required, reducing the flow of impurities into the system.
Dealkalization equipment: reduces hardness to zero, preventing carbonate and bicarbonate formation in the boiler.
Neutralizing amines: increase condensate pH by neutralizing acid in the condensate system, reducing corrosion.
Filming amines: create protective films on metal surfaces, protecting against corrosion from dissolved CO2 and O2.

Neutralizing Amines

Neutralizing amines are effective against carbon dioxide corrosion, but not oxygen corrosion.
Amines react with carbonic acid to form bicarbonate, which returns to the boiler and decomposes to CO2.
Typical neutralizing amines used are diethylaminoethanol (DEAE), methoxypropylamine (MOPA), diethanolamine (DEA), monoethanolamine (MEA), morpholine, and cyclohexylamine.

Filming Amines

Filming amines create protective films on metal surfaces, protecting against corrosion from dissolved CO2 and O2.
Filming amines should be fed directly to steam lines to reduce chemical loss due to blowdown and blowoff.

Condensate Polishing

Condensate polishers are mixed bed ion exchangers designed to purify condensate.
They filter out particulate and suspended matter, and perform ion exchange to remove hardness and chlorides.
Condensate polishing is essential for high-pressure boilers, where feedwater purity is critical.

Steam Systems and Condensate

A steam system that does not reuse condensate relies on 100% make-up water, which requires more external feedwater treatment, chemical input, heat input, and water input, resulting in greater associated costs and environmental impact.

Treating Condensate

Condensate should be pure, but it can be contaminated with impurities from various sources, including mechanical equipment, malfunctioning water softeners, air intrusions, and process fluids.

Reasons for Treating Condensate

Impurities in condensate can plug or corrode the condensate return and feedwater systems.
Impurities can scale up or corrode boilers.

Impurities in Condensate

Carbon dioxide (CO2): enters boilers and steam systems through various sources, including alkalinity species in raw water, poorly functioning deaerators, and sodium carbonate introduction.
Oxygen (O2): enters boilers and steam systems through air intrusions, improperly functioning deaerators, and leaks in heat exchangers.
Hardness: enters condensate systems through leaking potable water heat exchangers, steam turbine condensers, and open cross-connections with potable water systems.
Corrosion products: enter condensate systems through corrosion of condensate handling system components.

Corrosion in Condensate Systems

Carbon dioxide corrosion: causes a general thinning of metal parts in the condensate return system and localized grooving.
Oxygen corrosion: causes pitting of metal surfaces.

Preventing Condensate Line Corrosion

Mechanical inspection and maintenance: minimizes the amount of make-up feedwater required, reducing the flow of impurities into the system.
Dealkalization equipment: reduces hardness to zero, preventing carbonate and bicarbonate formation in the boiler.
Neutralizing amines: increase condensate pH by neutralizing acid in the condensate system, reducing corrosion.
Filming amines: create protective films on metal surfaces, protecting against corrosion from dissolved CO2 and O2.

Neutralizing Amines

Neutralizing amines are effective against carbon dioxide corrosion, but not oxygen corrosion.
Amines react with carbonic acid to form bicarbonate, which returns to the boiler and decomposes to CO2.
Typical neutralizing amines used are diethylaminoethanol (DEAE), methoxypropylamine (MOPA), diethanolamine (DEA), monoethanolamine (MEA), morpholine, and cyclohexylamine.

Filming Amines

Filming amines create protective films on metal surfaces, protecting against corrosion from dissolved CO2 and O2.
Filming amines should be fed directly to steam lines to reduce chemical loss due to blowdown and blowoff.

Condensate Polishing

Condensate polishers are mixed bed ion exchangers designed to purify condensate.
They filter out particulate and suspended matter, and perform ion exchange to remove hardness and chlorides.
Condensate polishing is essential for high-pressure boilers, where feedwater purity is critical.

Steam Systems and Condensate

A steam system that does not reuse condensate relies on 100% make-up water, which requires more external feedwater treatment, chemical input, heat input, and water input, resulting in greater associated costs and environmental impact.

Treating Condensate

Condensate should be pure, but it can be contaminated with impurities from various sources, including mechanical equipment, malfunctioning water softeners, air intrusions, and process fluids.

Reasons for Treating Condensate

Impurities in condensate can plug or corrode the condensate return and feedwater systems.
Impurities can scale up or corrode boilers.

Impurities in Condensate

Carbon dioxide (CO2): enters boilers and steam systems through various sources, including alkalinity species in raw water, poorly functioning deaerators, and sodium carbonate introduction.
Oxygen (O2): enters boilers and steam systems through air intrusions, improperly functioning deaerators, and leaks in heat exchangers.
Hardness: enters condensate systems through leaking potable water heat exchangers, steam turbine condensers, and open cross-connections with potable water systems.
Corrosion products: enter condensate systems through corrosion of condensate handling system components.

Corrosion in Condensate Systems

Carbon dioxide corrosion: causes a general thinning of metal parts in the condensate return system and localized grooving.
Oxygen corrosion: causes pitting of metal surfaces.

Preventing Condensate Line Corrosion

Mechanical inspection and maintenance: minimizes the amount of make-up feedwater required, reducing the flow of impurities into the system.
Dealkalization equipment: reduces hardness to zero, preventing carbonate and bicarbonate formation in the boiler.
Neutralizing amines: increase condensate pH by neutralizing acid in the condensate system, reducing corrosion.
Filming amines: create protective films on metal surfaces, protecting against corrosion from dissolved CO2 and O2.

Neutralizing Amines

Neutralizing amines are effective against carbon dioxide corrosion, but not oxygen corrosion.
Amines react with carbonic acid to form bicarbonate, which returns to the boiler and decomposes to CO2.
Typical neutralizing amines used are diethylaminoethanol (DEAE), methoxypropylamine (MOPA), diethanolamine (DEA), monoethanolamine (MEA), morpholine, and cyclohexylamine.

Filming Amines

Filming amines create protective films on metal surfaces, protecting against corrosion from dissolved CO2 and O2.
Filming amines should be fed directly to steam lines to reduce chemical loss due to blowdown and blowoff.

Condensate Polishing

Condensate polishers are mixed bed ion exchangers designed to purify condensate.
They filter out particulate and suspended matter, and perform ion exchange to remove hardness and chlorides.
Condensate polishing is essential for high-pressure boilers, where feedwater purity is critical.

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Description

Learn about the importance of reusing condensate in steam systems and how to treat condensate to maintain purity and efficiency.

4BE3 U6 C3 Obj 1 EMH

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Questions and Answers

EASY What is the main advantage of reusing condensate in a steam system?

What is the primary source of impurities in condensate?

Why is it necessary to treat condensate?

What is the primary concern of carbon dioxide in boilers and steam systems?

What is the main reason why strict environmental licenses may prohibit systems that use a significant percentage of make-up water?

What is the primary effect of impurities in condensate on boilers?

What is the primary source of oxygen in boilers and steam systems?

What is the primary advantage of treating condensate?

What is the pH of a carbonic acid solution at atmospheric pressure?

What is the primary cause of localized grooving in condensate return systems?

How can oxygen enter the condensate return system?

What is the effect of hardness on boilers?

What is the purpose of dealkalization equipment in the external treatment systems?

What is the effect of carbon dioxide corrosion and oxygen corrosion occurring together in a system?

What is the purpose of filming amines in condensate return systems?

What is the result of improperly functioning deaerators in the feedwater system?

What is the purpose of ensuring that turbine glands are fed with gland steam or water?

What is the result of sending condensate with high corrosion by-products to drain?

What type of layer does filming amine form on metal surfaces?

What is the purpose of filming amines in a boiler system?

What does a sodium zeolite softener reduce to zero?

Why is it necessary to introduce filming amines gradually into a system?

What is the purpose of installing a dealkalizer or demineralizer system?

What is the reaction between neutralizing amines and carbonic acid?

What is the purpose of condensate polishers?

What type of contaminants can foul ion-exchange beads in condensate polishers?

What is the optimal pH range for condensate maintained by neutralizing amines?

Why is regular backwashing and regeneration necessary for condensate polishers?

What is the purpose of a P-alkalinity check?

Why should ammonia not be used as a neutralizing amine in some systems?

What is the primary function of pre-filters in condensate systems?

What is the purpose of filming amines?

Why are condensate polishers essential for high-pressure boilers?

How should filming amines be fed into the system?

What is the effect of overfeeding neutralizing amines?

What is the purpose of metering pumps in neutralizing amine systems?

What is the purpose of a dealkalizer or demineralizer system in a steam system?

What is the reaction between neutralizing amines and carbonic acid?

What is the optimal pH range maintained by neutralizing amines in the condensate?

What is the purpose of filming amines in a boiler system?

Why should ammonia not be used as a neutralizing amine in some systems?

What is the effect of overfeeding neutralizing amines?

What is the purpose of P-alkalinity checks in a condensate return system?

MEDIUM Why are metering pumps used in neutralizing amine systems?

What is the purpose of filming amines in condensate return systems?

What is the effect of neutralizing amines on carbon dioxide corrosion rates?

What is the result of carbon dioxide entering the condensate system?

What is the primary benefit of reusing condensate in a steam system?

What is the primary source of oxygen in condensate return systems?

Which of the following is NOT a source of impurities in condensate?

What is the effect of hardness on boilers?

What is the primary concern with carbon dioxide in boilers and steam systems?

What is the purpose of mechanical inspection and maintenance in combating condensate corrosion?

What is the result of combining carbon dioxide corrosion and oxygen corrosion in a system?

Why is treating condensate necessary?

What is the primary effect of oxygen in boilers and steam systems?

What is the purpose of filming amines in condensate systems?

Why is it necessary to ensure that turbine glands are fed with gland steam or water?

What is the primary source of carbon dioxide in boilers and steam systems?

What is the effect of improperly functioning deaerators on the feedwater system?

What is the primary concern with hardness in boilers and steam systems?

What is the primary benefit of treating condensate for carbon dioxide?

What is the primary method of preventing condensate line corrosion?

What is the result of sending condensate with high corrosion by-products to drain?

What is the primary function of filming amines in condensate return systems?

What is the purpose of introducing filming amines gradually into a system?

What is the purpose of condensate polishers?

What is the result of not backwashing and regenerating condensate polishers regularly?

What type of contaminants can foul ion-exchange beads in condensate polishers?

What is the purpose of pre-filters in condensate systems?

Why are condensate polishers essential for high-pressure boilers?

What happens when filming amines are introduced into the system?

What is the primary cause of the increased corrosion rate when both carbon dioxide and oxygen are present in a condensate return system?

What is the primary mechanism by which air enters the condensate return system through heat exchangers?

What is the primary effect of hardness on boilers?

What is the primary purpose of ensuring that turbine glands are fed with gland steam or water?