STB1073 Biochemistry Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of non-protein amino acids in metabolic processes?

They are involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids

They are involved in the regulation of gene expression

They are involved in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters (correct)

They are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates

What is the chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a water molecule?

Hydrolysis (correct)

Decarboxylation

Phosphorolysis

Transamination

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?

To convert carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy (correct)

To generate ATP during glycolysis

To regulate gene expression in cells

To synthesize glycogen in animal cells

What is the primary function of glycogen in animal cells?

To store energy for long-term use Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the galactose metabolism pathway?

The conversion of galactose into glucose, lactose, and other sugar intermediates Signup and view all the answers

What is the net outcome of the glycolysis pathway?

The synthesis of ATP and NADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the hydrocarbon chain in a fatty acid?

It is non-polar Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of bond that connects sugar units in carbohydrates?

Glycosidic bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats?

Triglyceride Signup and view all the answers

What is the side chain that varies between different amino acids?

R group Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phospholipids in cells?

Forming lipid bilayers Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of some amino acids in the cell?

They can be used to synthesize other molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of multidisciplinary input in biotechnology?

Involving a number of disciplines for a desired outcome Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main areas of applied science in biotechnology?

Computer applications, engineering, and agriculture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a multidisciplinary input in biotechnology?

Economics Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms?

Biochemistry Signup and view all the answers

What type of groups are attracted to the charges within water and can form hydrogen bonds with water?

Hydrophilic groups Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of living organisms?

They are able to transform matter and energy into different forms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Non-Protein Amino Acids

Involved as metabolic intermediates, such as in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid.

Nucleic Acids

Composed of nucleotides.

Major Types of Biochemical Reactions

Oxidation: loss of electrons.
Reduction: gain of electrons.
Hydrolysis: chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a water molecule.
Phosphorolysis: splitting of a bond by the addition of phosphoric acid to a compound.
Decarboxylation: loss of carbon dioxide.
Deamination: removal of amino group.
Transamination: transfer of amino group from one molecule to another.

Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry

Carbohydrate Metabolism:
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Glycogen Biosynthesis
- Galactose Pathway
- Calvin Cycle

Glycolysis

Metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, releasing free energy in the form of ATP and NADH.

Krebs Cycle

Metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate energy.

Glycogen Biosynthesis

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that functions as the secondary long-term and mobile energy storage in animal and fungal cells.

Galactose Metabolism

The conversion of galactose into glucose, lactose, and other sugar intermediates.

Modern Biotechnology: Multidisciplinary Input

Biotechnology is multidisciplinary, involving a number of disciplines that are coordinated for a desired outcome.
Areas of science involved:
- Life sciences
- Physical sciences and mathematics
- Social sciences
- Applied sciences
Areas of applied science involved:
- Computer applications
- Engineering
- Agriculture

Biochemistry

The study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms.
Biochemical pathways, enzymes, and macromolecules are involved.

Living Organisms

Able to transform matter and energy into different forms, show response to changes in their environment, and show growth and reproduction.
All living organisms undergo changes due to large organic compounds called macromolecules.

Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic, and Amphipathic Groups

Hydrophobic groups: cannot form hydrogen bonds with water (e.g., hydrocarbons).
Hydrophilic groups: are attracted to the charges within water and can form hydrogen bonds with water.
Amphipathic groups: have both polar and non-polar groups (e.g., hydrocarbon chain is non-polar and carboxyl group is polar).

Biochemical Compounds (Macromolecules)

There are four main classes of macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Sugar units are connected together by glycosidic bonds.

Lipids

Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
Classes of lipids:
- Fatty acids: carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains.
- Triglycerides: an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Phospholipids: major component of cell membranes that form lipid bilayers.
- Steroids: organic compounds that can be found in all organisms.

Proteins

Amino acids are the structural units that make up proteins.

Amino Acids

Molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side chain that varies between different amino acids.
Many amino acids are used to synthesize other molecules, such as:
- Tryptophan: precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
- Glycine: precursor of porphyrins such as heme.
- Arginine: precursor of nitric oxide.
- Aspartate, glycine, and glutamine: precursors of nucleotides.

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Description

Test your knowledge on biochemistry concepts, including non-protein amino acids, nucleic acids, and biochemical reactions. Covers oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and phosphorolysis processes.