Statistics Section 3 Flashcards

Study Notes

Key Concepts in Probability

Random Experiment: An action resulting in one of several possible outcomes that cannot be predicted with certainty.
Classical Approach to Probability: Assumes all outcomes are equally likely; for example, rolling a fair die gives each of the six faces a probability of 1/6.
Relative Frequency Approach: Estimates probability based on the long-term frequency of an outcome; for instance, if 200 out of 1000 students receive an A, the relative frequency is 20%.
Subjective Approach: Involves personal judgment and belief; an example includes weather forecasting, which combines previous data and current observations.

Types of Probability

Joint Probability: The probability of two events occurring simultaneously; it represents the intersection of those events.
Marginal Probability: Evaluates the likelihood of an event occurring without consideration of other events; it measures standalone probabilities.
Conditional Probability: The likelihood of one event occurring given that another has occurred; crucial for understanding dependent events.

Events and Their Relationships

Union of Two Events: Refers to the event consisting of all outcomes found in either event A or event B or both.
Complement of Event A: Represents outcomes where A does not happen; the sum of the probabilities of an event and its complement equals 1.

Advanced Probability Concepts

Bayes' Law: A formula used to calculate posterior probabilities, allowing for the update of the probability estimate based on new evidence.
Proportional Expectation in Classical Approach: Describes probability in terms of how often an outcome is expected to occur theoretically over numerous trials.
Exhaustive Events: A set of events that includes all possible outcomes of an experiment, providing complete coverage for probability assessments.

Rules and Classifications

Addition Rule: For mutually exclusive events, the probability that one or the other occurs is the sum of their individual probabilities.
Mutually Exclusive Events: Events that cannot occur at the same time; the occurrence of one excludes the others.

Description

This quiz covers key terms and definitions from Section 3 of your statistics study material. Test your understanding of concepts like random experiments, probability approaches, and more. Perfect for reviewing important terminology before exams.