Statistics Sampling Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of sampling error?

Random chance affecting sample representation (correct)

Insufficient sample size

Selection bias in choosing samples

Deliberate misrepresentation of data

How is sampling error defined in statistical analysis?

The consistent deviation of sample means from population mean

The error introduced by non-random sample selection

The average difference between sample and population parameters

The uncertainty associated with estimates based on sample data (correct)

In what situation is sampling error most likely to occur?

When samples are randomly selected from a population (correct)

When samples are chosen based on convenience and availability

When the entire population is surveyed

When samples are systematically chosen based on criteria

Which of the following does NOT contribute to sampling error?

Completely accurate data collection from selected samples Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes how sampling error can impact research results?

It can lead to misleading conclusions about the population. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in creating a stratified sample?

Divide the population into strata based on common characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of strata in stratified sampling?

Strata are based on common characteristics and are mutually exclusive Signup and view all the answers

After selecting simple random samples from each group in stratified sampling, what is the next step?

Combine the samples into one single sample Signup and view all the answers

In stratified sampling, why is it important to select samples from each group?

To enhance the statistical validity of the results Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes stratified sampling?

It requires dividing the population into mutually exclusive classes before sampling. Signup and view all the answers

What value should be used for an estimate if no other estimate is available?

0.50 Signup and view all the answers

What level of absolute precision or accuracy is generally set for sample size calculations?

0.05 Signup and view all the answers

In the sample size formula, which of the following values contributes to calculating the required sample size?

(1.96)^2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the calculated sample size using the formula provided?

384 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the preparations before fieldwork?

Recruiting participants Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for the null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1)?

They must be mutually exclusive. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the nature of H1?

H1 contains our research hypotheses. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'exhaustive' mean in the context of statistical hypotheses?

All possible outcomes are considered. Signup and view all the answers

Which pair exemplifies a typical null and alternative hypothesis?

H0: There is no difference in test scores between students who study and those who do not. H1: Students who study score higher. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it critical for H0 and H1 to be mutually exclusive?

To ensure validity of statistical tests conducted. Signup and view all the answers

What does a P value of 0.06 suggest about the hypothesis tested in this study?

There is weak evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Signup and view all the answers

What does a 90% confidence interval imply about the estimated data?

There is a 90% probability that the true population parameter lies within this interval. Signup and view all the answers

Which sample size was utilized in this study for each group?

100 patients with lung cancer and 100 without. Signup and view all the answers

Which assumption is made about the data collected from the patients in this study?

The data is randomly sampled from the population. Signup and view all the answers

What statistical significance level does the P value of 0.06 approach?

It is close to the threshold for significance at the 0.05 level. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stratified Samples

A population is divided into two or more groups according to a specific characteristic.
A simple random sample is taken from each group.
The samples are combined into one.

Sampling Error

Random error arises when the sample selected is not representative of the population due to chance.
The uncertainty associated with an estimate based on a sample is known as sampling error.
If no estimate is available for uncertainty, it is set at 50% (or 0.50).

Sample Size Calculation Formula

Assumes an absolute precision of 0.05.
Formula is: n = (1.96)2 (0.5) (0.5) / (0.05) 2
Results in a sample size of 384.

Planning Before Fieldwork

A work plan should be developed, including timelines and logistics.
Financing and budget should be secured.
Instruments for data collection need to be developed.
A sample of households should be drawn.
A training manual should be created.
A pilot test should be conducted.

Hypothesis Testing

Hypotheses can be divided into two: Null and Alternative Hypotheses.
The Null Hypothesis (H0) is the statement that there is no difference or effect.
The Alternative Hypothesis (H1) is the statement that there is a difference or effect.
Both hypotheses should be mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
The Alternative Hypothesis usually contains the research hypothesis.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to sampling techniques in statistics, including stratified samples, sampling error, sample size calculation, and planning before fieldwork. Understand the nuances of hypothesis testing and the importance of representative samples in research.