Statistics Overview and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is descriptive statistics concerned with?

Describing the target population

What are some tools used in descriptive statistics?

Measures of central tendency, variation, and position

What is inferential statistics concerned with?

Giving information about large groups without dealing with each and every element

What are some tools used in inferential statistics?

<p>Z-test, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square, linear regression, and correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a variable?

<p>A characteristic that can be measured and that can assume different values</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is data?

<p>A specific measurement of a variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is quantitative data?

<p>Numerical values that can either be counted or measured</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of quantitative data?

<p>Grades</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is qualitative/categorical data?

<p>Names or labels that divide the data into specific categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of qualitative/categorical data?

<p>Gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discrete data?

<p>Numerical values that can be counted</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of discrete data?

<p>Number of employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is continuous data?

<p>Continuous data represents values that can be measured on a continuous scale, allowing for fractions and decimals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of continuous data?

<p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primary data?

<p>Data collected from the original source</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is secondary data?

<p>Secondhand information and commentary made by other researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a parameter?

<p>A characteristic /number describing a whole population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a statistic?

<p>A characteristic / number describing a sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a population?

<p>Encompasses all the individuals, items, or observations under study</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nominal data?

<p>Categorizes variables according to qualitative labels (or names)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of nominal data?

<p>Hair color</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ratio data?

<p>The ratio scale is exactly the same as the interval scale, with one key difference: The ratio scale has what's known as a “true zero.”</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of ratio data?

<p>Height</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is probability sampling?

<p>A technique in which each member of a population has an equal chance of being chosen through unbiased selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is simple random sampling?

<p>The random sampling method that requires selecting samples based on a system of intervals in a numbered population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systematic random sampling?

<p>The random sampling method that requires selecting samples based on a system of intervals in a numbered population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stratified random sampling?

<p>The random sampling method that requires selecting samples based on a system of intervals in a numbered population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is purposive sampling?

<p>Intentionally selecting participants based on their characteristics, knowledge, experiences, or some other criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cluster/area sampling?

<p>Probability sampling technique where researchers divide the population into multiple groups (clusters) for research</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is convenience sampling?

<p>Involves recruiting individuals primarily because they are available, willing, or easy to access or contact on a practical level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a questionnaire?

<p>A list of questions or items used to gather data from respondents</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an interview?

<p>Used to collect primary data by asking one or more people about their opinions, experiences or perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an experiment?

<p>Data collection method used to determine cause and effect relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is registration?

<p>Data collection enforced by certain laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a time series?

<p>Presents data that occur over a specific period; to look for pattern or trend that occurs over the period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bar graph?

<p>Presents the data by using horizontal or vertical bars whose heights or lengths are determined by the frequencies of the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a scatter plot?

<p>A graph of ordered pairs of data values that is used to describe the relationship that exists between two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a frequency distribution?

<p>The organization of data in tabular form using classes and frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean?

<p>Arithmetic average/ the most reliable measure of central tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are measures of variation?

<p>Indicates the extent to which individual items in a series are scattered about a central value</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is standard deviation?

<p>Obtained by the square root of variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Descriptive Statistics Overview

  • Descriptive statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, interpreting, analyzing, and presenting data.
  • It's concerned with describing the target population.
  • Data is organized, analyzed, and presented in a meaningful manner.
  • Results are displayed using tables, charts, and graphs.

Branches of Statistics

  • Descriptive Statistics
    • Describes the target population.
    • Tools include measures of central tendency, variation, and position.
  • Inferential Statistics
    • Gives information about large groups without examining every element.
    • Requires higher-level critical thinking.
    • Involves comparing, testing hypotheses, and predicting future outcomes.
    • Tools include z-tests, t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square, linear regression, and correlation.

Basic Concepts

  • Variable: A characteristic that can be measured and take on different values. (e.g., height, age, income)
  • Data: A specific measurement of a variable.
  • Qualitative/Categorical Data: Data represented by names or labels. (e.g., gender, religion)
  • Quantitative Data: Numerical data that can be counted or measured.
    • Discrete: Counted data. (e.g., number of employees, books in a library)
    • Continuous: Measured data. (e.g., height, weight, temperature)

Sources of Data

  • Primary Data: Collected directly from the original source (e.g., interviews, surveys, censuses).
  • Secondary Data: Secondhand information from other researchers (e.g., newspapers, academic books, journal articles).

Basic Concepts

  • Parameter: A characteristic/number describing a whole population.
  • Statistic: A characteristic/number describing a sample.
  • Population: All individuals, items, or observations under study.
  • Sample: A carefully selected subset of the population representing its characteristics.

Levels of Measurement

  • Nominal: Categorizes variables using qualitative labels (e.g., hair color).
  • Ordinal: Categorizes variables with an inherent order (e.g., level of education).
  • Interval: Numerical scale with evenly spaced intervals between values (e.g., IQ score).
  • Ratio: Interval scale with a true zero point (e.g., weight, height).

Sampling Techniques

  • Probability Sampling: Each member has an equal chance of selection.
    • Simple Random: Unbiased selection (e.g., lottery method).
    • Systematic Random: Selecting samples based on a system of intervals.
    • Stratified Random: Selecting samples based on a stratified system of intervals.
  • Non-Probability Sampling: Intentional selection based on characteristics, knowledge, experiences, or other criteria.
    • Purposive Sampling: Intentional selection based on specific criteria.
    • Cluster/Area Sampling: Dividing the population into groups for research.
    • Convenience Sampling: Recruiting individuals based on availability or ease of access.

Data Collection

  • Indirect/Questionnaire: Using a list of questions for data from respondents.
  • Direct/Interview: Collecting primary data by asking respondents.
  • Experiment: Determining cause-effect relationships.
  • Registration: Enforced data collection based on certain laws.

Data Presentation

  • Time Series: Showing data over a period, to identify patterns and trends.
  • Bar Graph: Presenting data visually using horizontal or vertical bars.
  • Pie Graph: Illustrating relationships between parts and the whole using proportional sections.
  • Scatter Plot: Showing relationships between two variables.
  • Frequency Distribution: Data organization in tables using classes and frequencies.

Descriptive Measures

  • Measures of Central Tendency:
    • Mean: Arithmetic average.
    • Median: Middle value in a data set.
    • Mode: Most frequent value.
  • Measures of Variation:
    • Range: Difference between highest and lowest values.
    • Variance: Average of squared distances from the mean.
    • Standard Deviation: Square root of variance.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of descriptive and inferential statistics. You'll learn about data organization, central tendency, and the basics of hypothesis testing. Dive into the definitions of variables and data as you explore these essential statistical concepts.

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