Statistics in Psychology Research
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-parametric test?

  • Mann-Whitney U test (correct)
  • t-test
  • Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
  • Regression analysis

    • What is the purpose of calculating effect size measures in psychological research?

  • To determine the statistical significance of a finding
  • To compare the means of two groups
  • To quantifies the strength of a relationship or the magnitude of a difference between variables (correct)
  • To identify the correlation between two variables

    • What is the primary purpose of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in psychological research?

  • To predict an outcome variable based on one or more predictor variables
  • To identify the correlation between two categorical variables
  • To compare means between three or more groups (correct)
  • To examine the relationship between two continuous variables

    • What is the primary difference between Cohen's d and eta-squared?

    <p>Cohen's d measures the standardized difference between two means, while eta-squared measures the proportion of variance explained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using meta-analysis in psychological research?

    <p>It provides a more accurate estimate of the effect size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between statistical power and Type II errors?

    <p>Low power increases the risk of Type II errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of regression analysis in psychological research?

    <p>To predict an outcome variable based on one or more predictor variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Spearman correlation in psychological research?

    <p>To identify the correlation between two ordinal variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using data visualization in statistical analysis?

    <p>To visualize patterns, trends, or relationships in data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of ethics in statistical analysis and reporting of psychological research?

    <p>To protect the rights and well-being of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between Bayesian statistics and traditional frequentist statistics?

    <p>Bayesian statistics focuses on probabilities derived from sample data alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of low statistical power in psychological research?

    <p>Increased risk of Type II errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meta-analysis in psychology?

    <p>To provide a comprehensive summary of existing research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between parametric and non-parametric tests?

    <p>Parametric tests assume normality, while non-parametric tests do not assume normality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of statistical power in psychological research?

    <p>Probability that a study will detect an effect when it exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Bayesian statistics in psychological research?

    <p>It allows for the incorporation of prior beliefs or knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of data visualization in statistical analysis?

    <p>To identify outliers or clusters in the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of ethics in statistical analysis and reporting of psychological research?

    <p>To respect the rights and well-being of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between Bayesian and frequentist statistics?

    <p>Use of prior probabilities in Bayesian statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of low statistical power in a study?

    <p>Increased risk of Type II errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of meta-analysis in psychology?

    <p>To identify patterns or inconsistencies across studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Bayesian statistics?

    <p>Calculation of posterior probabilities using prior probabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between parametric and non-parametric tests?

    <p>Assumptions about the distribution of the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using meta-analysis in psychology?

    <p>Enhances the reliability and generalizability of findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Visualization

    • Data visualization helps identify patterns, trends, or relationships in data and assesses the strength and direction of correlations.
    • It also helps identify outliers or clusters within the data set.

    Ethics in Statistical Analysis

    • Ethics ensure that research is conducted responsibly, with respect for the rights and well-being of participants.
    • It involves obtaining informed consent, protecting participant confidentiality, minimizing harm and distress, and ensuring honesty and transparency in data collection, analysis, and reporting.

    Bayesian vs. Frequentist Statistics

    • Bayesian statistics: Incorporates prior beliefs or knowledge (prior probabilities) and updates them with new evidence to calculate posterior probabilities, emphasizing uncertainty and subjective interpretations.
    • Frequentist statistics: Focuses on probabilities derived from sample data alone, without incorporating prior beliefs, using p-values and confidence intervals for inference based on observed data.

    Statistical Power

    • Statistical power: Probability that a study will detect an effect when it exists (1 - β).
    • Low power increases the risk of Type II errors (false negatives) and affects the reliability and validity of study results.

    Meta-Analysis

    • Meta-analysis: Statistical technique for combining results from multiple studies to obtain an overall estimate of the effect size.
    • It provides a comprehensive summary of existing research, identifies patterns or inconsistencies across studies, and enhances the reliability and generalizability of findings.

    Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests

    • Parametric tests: Examples include Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Spearman correlation.
    • Non-parametric tests: Used when parametric assumptions are not met.

    Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

    • ANOVA: Compares means between three or more groups to determine if there are statistically significant differences.
    • Used in psychology to analyze data from experiments with multiple treatment conditions or independent variables.

    Regression Analysis

    • Regression analysis: Examines the relationship between one or more independent variables (predictors) and a dependent variable (outcome).
    • Examples include predicting academic performance based on study hours, or predicting happiness based on income and social support.

    Effect Size Measures

    • Effect size: Quantifies the strength of a relationship or the magnitude of a difference between variables.
    • Examples:
      • Cohen's d: Standardized difference between two means.
      • Eta-squared (η²): Proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable(s).

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    Psychological-Statistics-Reviewer.docx

    Description

    This quiz explores the role of statistics in psychology research, including data visualization and ethics in statistical analysis and reporting.

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