Statistics in Health Research

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Questions and Answers

What is the null hypothesis regarding adverse events in the study?

  • Adverse events after hypericum are lower than after imipramine.
  • Imipramine causes more adverse events than hypericum.
  • Both treatments have no adverse events.
  • Adverse events are the same after hypericum as after imipramine. (correct)

The expected value for Antibiotic A is 122.

True (A)

What percentage of values is expected to be below the mean in a normal distribution?

50%

The incidence of breast cancer in 2000 was approximately _____ cases per million citizens.

<p>645.39</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following distribution characteristics with their corresponding values:

<p>Above the mean = 50% Below the mean = 50% Within 1 standard deviation = 68% Within 2 standard deviations = 95% Within 3 standard deviations = 99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula for calculating the Odds Ratio based on given patient data?

<p>(50/35)/(40/60) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The incidence of Hepatitis C can be calculated using the total number of drug users infected during the follow-up period.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total number of drug abusers involved in the study?

<p>10,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

The appropriate test to study the prevalence of S.aureus and E.coli in the two groups is the ______.

<p>Chi square test</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the drug effectiveness evaluations:

<p>Drug A = Existing less effective Drug B = New more expensive Dominance = Better alternatives available Refused = Less effective but more costly</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the follow-up period, how many new patients were infected with Hepatitis C?

<p>200 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frequency of subjects dealing with avian flu is higher than those not dealing with it.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the calculated Odds Ratio based on the provided data?

<p>2.122 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Relative Risk calculated from the provided data is 0.533.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate Sensitivity?

<p>a/(a+b)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The test used to compare Cmax of ondansetron preparations in men and women is called a ______.

<p>Multifactorial ANOVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the statistical tests with their corresponding hypotheses:

<p>Unpaired t-test = No difference in labetalol AUC/dose in men and women Multifactorial ANOVA = No difference between Cmax of ondansetron preparations in men and women Statistical Test for Sensitivity = Test effectiveness for avian flu detection Statistical Test for Specificity = Test accuracy for non-infected cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the specificity calculated from the provided data?

<p>0.65 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The null hypothesis for the study of St. John’s Wort is that it is more effective than imipramine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the Relative Risk using the provided values for Dealing with and Not Dealing with avian flu.

<p>1.714</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Odds Ratio calculated is ______.

<p>2.122</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the parameter 'a' represent in the sensitivity calculation?

<p>True positives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Odds Ratio

A statistical measure that quantifies the association between two events. It's the ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group.

Incidence

The probability of developing a disease over a specific time period.

Chi-Square Test

A statistical test used to compare the frequencies of categorical variables in two or more groups.

Paired t-test

A statistical test used to compare the means of two groups when the data is paired (e.g., before and after treatment).

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Unpaired t-test

A statistical test used to compare the means of two groups when the data is independent (e.g., two different treatment groups).

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Dominated Drug

A drug is considered dominated if another drug is both cheaper and more effective.

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Sensitivity

A measure of the accuracy of a diagnostic test. It is the proportion of true positives among all individuals who actually have the disease.

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Sensitivity of the test

The probability of a diagnostic test correctly identifying individuals with the disease.

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Expected Value

The expected value represents the theoretical average outcome of a random variable, calculated based on the probability distribution of the variable.

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Normal Distribution

A normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve where the majority of data points cluster around the mean, with fewer points farther away from the mean.

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Specificity

The proportion of true negatives among all individuals who actually do not have the disease.

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Relative Risk

A statistical measure that compares the incidence of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence in an unexposed group.

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ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference in the means of two or more groups, when the data is independent.

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Logistic Regression

A method of analyzing data where the outcome is a binary variable (yes/no) and the predictor variable is also binary.

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Standard Deviation

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of data.

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Study Notes

Drug Information Practical Revision

  • A table displays data about smokers and non-smokers, categorized as cancer patients and non-cancer patients.
    • Smokers with cancer: 50
    • Non-smokers with cancer: 40
    • Smokers without cancer: 35
    • Non-smokers without cancer: 60
    • Total smokers: 90
    • Total non-smokers: 95
  • Instructions to calculate Odds Ratio are given with three possible formulas.
  • A study was conducted on 10,000 drug abusers.
    • 1000 had Hepatitis C
    • 200 had Hepatitis B
    • During the 2-year follow-up:
      • 200 of those with Hepatitis C died
      • 50 of those with Hepatitis B died
    • 200 new patients were infected with Hepatitis C in one year
    • Incidence of Hepatitis C in one year was: 100/9000
  • A study on the prevalence of S. aureus and E. coli in two groups (breastfed and artificially fed).
    • The appropriate statistical test is the Chi-square test.
  • A study on LDL levels comparing two groups taking different drugs (Drug A and Drug B).
    • The appropriate statistical test is the unpaired t-test.
  • If Drug B is offered as a replacement for Drug A, but is more expensive and less effective, it would be refused. Drug B is dominated.
  • A table describes the frequencies of subjects who were affected by avian flu, categorized by their exposure to avian.
    • Dealing with avian: cases - 40; control - 70
    • Not dealing with avian: cases - 35; control - 130
  • Calculate Odd Ratio of the Avian Flu data: 2.122
  • Calculate Relative Risk of the Avian Flu data: 1.714
  • If a new laboratory test for detecting avian flu was used on the data, calculate sensitivity and specificity.
    • Sensitivity: 0.533
    • Specificity: 0.65
  • A study on gender differences in labetalol kinetics for racemic drugs.
    • Dose-corrected AUC of labetalol was compared in women (n=5) and men (n=14)
    • Unpaired t-test is the appropriate statistical test.
  • A study on Ondansetron tablets and suppositories.
    • Cmax (maximum concentration) was determined for men (8) and women (8)
    • The appropriate statistical test is Multifactorial ANOVA.
  • A study to compare St. John's Wort with imipramine.
    • The appropriate statistical test is Chi-square.
  • What is the expected value for antibiotic A?: 122
  • Estimate the incidence of breast cancer in the US given 182,000 new cases in 2000 and a population of 282 million.
    • Incidence: 645.39 cases/million citizens
  • Percentage of values in a normal distribution are given for above the mean, below the mean, within one standard deviation, within two standard deviations and within three standard deviations from the mean.
    • Above the Mean: 50%
    • Below the Mean: 50%
    • Within 1 SD: 68%
    • Within 2 SD: 95%
    • Within 3 SD: 99%
  • Time spent sleeping by 550 secondary school students was recorded.
    • Mean time: 7.6 hours
    • Standard deviation: 0.5 hours
    • Draw the normal distribution curve for the data.
    • 95% of students spent between 6.6 and 8.6 hours sleeping
    • Percentage of students who spent between 7.1 and 8.1 hours sleeping: 68%

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