NCM 113 Unit 3: Health Statistics & Epidemiology
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Questions and Answers

What does Demography refer to?

The statistical study of human populations.

What are the main purposes/uses of health indicators?

To analyze the size, movement, and structure of populations.

What is the definition of population in demographic terms?

The total number of inhabitants of a given sex and/or age group that actually live within the border limits of the country, territory, or geographic area at a specific point in time, usually mid-year.

What is the basic science of public health that provides the foundation for directing practical and appropriate public health action?

<p>Epidemiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the so-called "determinants" that influence the occurrence of health conditions and diseases?

<p>Demographic characteristics, genetics, behavior, or environmental exposures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key components of the Epidemiologic Triad?

<p>A susceptible host, an external agent, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of public health in relation to the Iceberg Principle?

<p>To find out through screening and early detection those who are exposed or affected so that proper interventions can be done.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of study designs according to Bonita, et al (2006)? (Select three that apply)

<p>Analytical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of observational study? (Select one that does not apply)

<p>Randomized controlled trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most stringent way of determining the cause-effect relationship between the intervention and outcome?

<p>Randomized controlled trials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four key factors that are considered in Descriptive Epidemiology?

<p>Time, place, and people with an emphasis on frequency and pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of activities used in Primary Prevention?

<p>Health promotion and health protection activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of Secondary Prevention?

<p>To prevent the onset of illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Primordial Prevention seek to do?

<p>To prevent at a very early stage, even before the risk factor is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Analytical Epidemiology? (Select the best answer)

<p>Understanding the causal relationships between determinants and health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of Analytical Epidemiology? (Select one that does not apply)

<p>Surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cross-sectional study examines the relationship between health problems and other variables of interest at one particular time.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohort studies are a type of retrospective study.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Case-control studies are a type of prospective study.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of Experimental Epidemiology?

<p>Randomized control trials, field trials, and community trials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Field trials are experiments done in a controlled laboratory setting.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Community trials are a type of experiment that involves the whole community as the unit of assignment.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "Tip of the Iceberg" refer to, in terms of disease?

<p>The diagnosed cases of a disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The "Web of Causation" model suggests that diseases are caused by a single factor.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of activities used in Primary Prevention?

<p>Health promotion activities and health protection activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities is an example of Primordial Prevention? (Select the best answer)

<p>Promoting healthy diet and exercise habits in schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary prevention is only effective for preventing the onset of illness.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tertiary prevention aims to cure the disease.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epidemiological studies can only be used to study communicable diseases.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a communicable disease? (Select the best answer)

<p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the person often credited as the "father of the field of epidemiology"?

<p>John Snow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Observational epidemiological studies are used to confirm a causal relationship between exposure and outcomes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experimental epidemiological studies are used to control factors that increase disease risk factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A case-control study compares the exposure history of people with and without a disease.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohort studies are a type of study that follows a group of people over time to see who develops a disease.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cross-sectional studies are a type of study that collects data from a single point in time.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a health promotion activity? (Select the best answer)

<p>Educating people about the benefits of a healthy diet and regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primordial prevention is the most effective type of prevention, as it prevents the onset of disease before it develops.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of epidemiology in early years was applied to outbreaks of CDs and their causes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of epidemiologic studies focusing on CDs because of emerging infectious agents, emerging infectious diseases, and changed infectious agents or re-emerging infections.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emerging infectious diseases are persistent and can't be controlled.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Re-emerging infectious diseases come back after they have been on a major decline.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The overuse of antibiotics has caused some bacteria and viruses to adapt to medicines.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary prevention focuses on managing the disease after it has been diagnosed.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary prevention aims to detect disease at an early stage, when it is most likely to be treatable.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the effects of the disease once it has been established.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of epidemiology in early years has been applied to outbreaks of CDs and their causes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are always persistent and can't be controlled.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Re-emerging infectious diseases are diseases that have been on a major decline and come back.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Health Statistics and Epidemiology

  • NCM 113 Unit 3 covers health statistics and epidemiology tools.
  • Topics include demography, health indicators, Philippine health situation, and healthcare delivery.

Demography

  • Demography is the statistical study of human populations.
  • Demographers analyze population size, movement, and structure using census data, surveys, and statistical models.
  • Demography considers population size, density, distribution, and vital statistics.

Population

  • Population refers to all inhabitants of a country, territory, or geographic area.
  • Demographically, it's the total number of inhabitants within a given area, sex, or age group.
  • Mid-year population refers to the population count at July 1st.
  • Population can be disaggregated by sex and age groups (e.g., <1, 1-4, 5-14, 15-44, 45-64, 65+).

Epidemiology

  • Epidemiology is the basic science of public health.
  • It provides a foundation for directing practical and appropriate public health actions based on science and causal reasoning.
  • It focuses on the frequency and patterns of health events within a population.
  • It's used to determine causes and risk factors influencing health conditions and diseases.
  • Determinants of health conditions include demographic characteristics, genetics, behaviors, and environmental exposures.

Epidemiology: Terminologies

  • Frequency refers to the number of health events or the ratio/rate of cases in a population. Examples include cases of pneumonia or diabetes in a population.
  • Pattern refers to the occurrence of health conditions or diseases by time, place, and person. Time patterns can be annual, seasonal, weekly, etc. Place patterns can be based on location such as schools or workplaces. Personal characteristics include demographic or socioeconomic factors that relate to risk.
  • Epidemiology is used to study both communicable and noncommunicable diseases to understand the spread, factors influencing it, and the effects among the population.

Epidemiological Methods

  • Epidemiology is used for accurate community assessment and diagnosis for planning and evaluating community interventions.
  • Public health nurses use epidemiology to describe health conditions, identify risk factors, monitor diseases, and develop preventative and treatment policies.

Epidemiology: Infectious Diseases

  • Emerging infectious diseases are newly identified diseases, known diseases spreading quickly in new areas, or known diseases that are persistent and uncontrolled.
  • Examples include coronavirus infections (COVID-19, SARS, MERS), HIV infections, Escherichia coli infections, Lyme disease, Dengue fever, West Nile virus, Zika virus, Hantavirus.
  • Re-emerging infectious diseases are diseases that have decreased significantly in prevalence but have re-emerged due to disruptions in public health actions, or new strains of the disease.
  • Examples include influenza virus, Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, blood parasites (Plasmodium), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Bordetella pertussis.

Assessment of Health Status

  • Epidemiology is used to assess the health status of population groups.
  • Levels of disease occurrence are classified into sporadic, endemic, hyperendemic, epidemic, outbreak, cluster, and pandemic.

Natural History of Diseases

  • The natural history of diseases describes the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment. This follows stages from exposure, through incubation, latent, and infectious period, to clinical disease, and then resolution (recovery or death).

Models of Disease Causation

  • Epidemiologic Triad is a model for infectious diseases. This model consists of a susceptible host, an external agent, and an environment where the host and the agent interact.
  • Iceberg Principle shows the situation where the problem is subclinical (not showing symptoms), unreported, or hidden. The public health goal is to identify those exposed or affected to take proper measures.
  • Web of Causation displays the relationship between multiple factors that contribute to the cause of a disease. This considers the interaction of genetic and environmental factors including biological, chemical, physical, psychological, economic, cultural influences.

Screening and Surveillance

  • Screening and surveillance are important for monitoring health and disease conditions among populations.
  • Screening activities aim to detect disease or disorders in apparently healthy people. This is for identifying risk factors and disease in the earliest stage so preventative actions and treatment can take place.
  • Surveillance is a systematic process for monitoring and scrutinizing disease and health conditions. Surveillance looks at the distribution, possible causes, and future implications of diseases within a population.

Levels of Prevention

  • Levels of prevention are categorized by primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary.
  • Primordial Prevention aims to prevent a risk factor even before it is present to avoid the development of risk behaviors or exposure patterns.
  • Primary Prevention involves controlling the exposure to risk factors before disease development, promoting lifestyle, and providing health protection.
  • Secondary Prevention detects diseases and health conditions before onset of symptoms in healthy appearing individuals. This leads to preventing the onset of illness.
  • Tertiary Prevention aims to slow disease progression, reduce complications, and limit disability once a disease is diagnosed. Emphasis is on managing the disease.

Types of Epidemiology

  • Observational Epidemiology involves descriptive and analytical studies.
    • Descriptive epidemiology characterizes a disease by time, place and person.
    • Analytical epidemiology identifies patterns suggesting potential causes.
  • Experimental Epidemiology confirms a relationship between an exposure and outcome by using experimental designs (randomized controlled trials, field trials, and community trials).

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NCM 113 Unit 3: Health Statistics and Epidemiology

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Explore the key concepts of health statistics and epidemiology in NCM 113 Unit 3. This quiz covers essential topics such as demography, health indicators, and the current health situation in the Philippines. Test your knowledge on population studies and public health foundations.

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